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Immunology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens enters on what side to what side?

A

Afferent lymphatic vessel to the efferent lymphatic vessel

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2
Q

Why do lymph nodes swell?

A

B cells and T cells are replicating their other lymph cells

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3
Q

Steps of when someone gets a cut

A

1- Macrophages come and eat large pathogens
2-Dendrites eat smaller pathogens
3- They travel down the lymph ducts
4- into the lymph nodes and look for matching T cells and B cells.
If not found,
5- They keep moving along the line until they find the right lymph node

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4
Q

What does the spleen filter?

A

Blood. Removes blood Bourne pathogens, damaged or dead red blood cells

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5
Q

Cells that stimulate B and T cells arriving in the spleen

A

Splenic macrophages and dentritic cells

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6
Q

Asplenia

A

People born without spleens. They are very susceptible to infections

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7
Q

Pulp where RBC are monitored and removed

A

Red pulp

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8
Q

Pulp in spleen where WBC gather

A

White pulp

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9
Q

Most extensive mucosal surface of the body

A

Gut

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10
Q

Gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)

A

Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, peyer’s patches

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11
Q

Function of the GALTS, BALTs, and MALTs

A

Filter out pathogens to activate lymphocytes. M cells deliver pathogens across the mucosa for delivery to lymphocytes to be activated.

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12
Q

Physical and chemical barriers

A

Skin

Mucosal epithelium

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13
Q

Baby’s have no _____ in utero until birth

A

Flora, or anything in the gut

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14
Q

Commensalism microorganisms function

A

Colonize the skin and mucosa

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15
Q

Optimal commensalism action because of the reliable food source

A

Gut

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16
Q

2 categories of infection

A

Intracellular infections and extracellular infections

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17
Q

Most bacteria is this type of infection, as well as fungi and parasites

A

Extracellular

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18
Q

Infection subject to soluble secreted molecules of the immune system

A

Extracellular infection

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19
Q

Infection inside the cell. Once the cell is infected, the whole cell has to die. Typical viral infections

A

Intracellular infections.

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20
Q

First defense mechanism

A soluble protein

A

Complement

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21
Q

Where are complements present and where are they made?

A

Made in the liver

Present in lymphatics and blood

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22
Q

Actions of complements

A

They coat the surface of bacteria/virus to make them easier or tastier to phagocytise

Some complement proteins are proteases

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23
Q

Key to complement cascade

A

C3

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24
Q

Upping activation, what happens to C3?

A

C3 is cleaved into C3a (the smaller molecule) and C3b (The larger molecule)

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25
Q

Inactive form of complements

A

Zymogens

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26
Q

What C3 binds to the pathogen surface? What is this called?

A

C3b

Compliment fixation

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27
Q

Which C3 calls for help, and who do they call?

A

C3a, calls macrophages

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28
Q

Why does C3b bind to pathogens?

A

It has a high-energy thioester bond in the glycoprotein. This is targeted by water to allow tight fixation to any pathogen surface

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29
Q

3 pathways of complement activation

A

1- Alternative pathway
2- Lectin pathway
3- Classical pathway (discovered first, but last pathway)

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30
Q

Pathway that works at the start of infection

A

Alternative pathway

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31
Q

Pathway induced by infection but takes time

A

Lectin

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32
Q

Pathway that required binding of an antibody or specialized protein (C-reactiv protein) to pathogen surface?

A

Classical pathway

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33
Q

First step of alternative complement pathway

A

Hydrolysis of C3 by water or pathogen surfaces

Makes iC3 or C3(H2O)

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34
Q

In alternative complement pathway, C3b molecules:

A

attach to molecules on the pathogen’s surface

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35
Q

What does C3 convertase do?

A

Cleaves C3 to make C3a and C3b

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36
Q

Process of C3 converts to C3bBb

A

C3b binds
B sits on top of C3b. Now C3bB
D comes and sits on tip then breaks B into B.B. and Ba

Bb stays so now is C3bBb
This now goes to cleave other C3s

This is a self-perpetuating process

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37
Q

C3bBb is also knows as:

A

Alternative C3 convertase

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38
Q

Complement control proteins regulate:

A

Plasma proteins that interact with C3b on human and microbial cell surfaces which include:
Properdin (factor p)
Factor H
Factor I

Membrane proteins on humans cells that prevent complement fixation on human cells

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39
Q

Properdin action:

A

Comes along and binds to C3 convertase and improves the entire response. Increases power, speed and efficiency

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40
Q

Factor H

A

Acts opposite of Properdin. Binds to C3b and promotes cleavage of it by factor I so that is becomes iC3b

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41
Q

Factor I action

A

Works with Factor H. Decreases C3 convertase molecules on the pathogen surface

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42
Q

What happens when there is no factor I?

A

C3bBb is unchecked, so all complements are burned through quickly. Causes increases amount of illnesses

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43
Q

Membrane proteins that interfere with complement activation at human cell surfaces

A

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)

Membrane cofactors protein (MCP)

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44
Q

DAF action

A

Binds to C3b and renders it inactive

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45
Q

MCP action

A

Makes C3b more susceptible to cleavage and inactivation by factor I

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46
Q

Monocytes mature into:

A

Macrophages

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47
Q

Cell that serves as a part of innate and adaptive immunity

A

Macrophages

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48
Q

Location of macrophages

A

On mucosal surfaces and in the lives (Kupffer cells)

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49
Q

Macrophages can phagocytose ____ (nonspecifically/specifically)

A

Both

50
Q

What does complement receptor 1 (CR1) do?

A

Enhances phagocytosis

51
Q

What bind to iC3b on microbial surfaces to enhance phagocytosis

A

Complement receptors, CR3 and CR4

52
Q

All of the CR’s work together to:

A

Promote effective phagocytosis of complement-coated pathogens

53
Q

Other complement components: (5) other than binding

A

1-C3b binds to alternative C3 convertase (produces an enzyme- alternative C5 convertase- acts on C5 component)

2- Alternative C5 convertase- composed of B.B. and 2 C3b fragments. Designated C3b2Bb

3- C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b fragments -
C5b forms a membrane-attack complex (MAC attack) which breaches pathogen membranes by making holes into the membranes- C5b binds to C6 and C7 and these I sent into the lipid bilayer

4- C8 binds to C5b and inserts into the membrane to initiate polymerization of C9 to help form transmembrane pores

5

54
Q

Terminal complement components are regulated by:

A

Soluble and surface associated proteins

55
Q

Purpose of soluble proteins

A

Prevent pores from forming in the host cells-
S protein
Clusterin
Factor J

56
Q

Purpose of Cell surface proteins

A

Homologous restriction factor

57
Q

CD59 prevents:

A

C9 from being called by the C5b, C6, C7, C8

58
Q

What complement peptides have larger effector functions?

A

C3b and C5b

59
Q

What complements cause inflammation and what do they call

A

C3a and C5a- calls phagocytes, endothelium cells and mast cells

60
Q

What acts on neutrophils and monocytes to increase their adherence to blood vessel walls? Acts as a chemoattractant to call cells to the side of inflammation

A

C5a

61
Q

Plasma enzymes that induce blood clotting

A

Coagulation system

62
Q

Functions of complement IMPORTANT*

A

1- Opsomization- binds to pathogens to make tasty
2- Causes inflammation (chemoattractants- chemical components that call all to the site)
3- MAC Attack

63
Q

What happens in a blood clot

A

Microorganisms are trapped and blood and fluid loss is decreased. Platelets release substances that cause inflammation and trigger wound healing I

64
Q

Enzymatic cascade triggered by tissue damage to cause vasodilation

A

Kininsystem

65
Q

Pathogens make ______ to damage host tissues

A

Proteases

66
Q

What lure proteases which are attracted by the thioactive region to envelope and sequester the proteases?

A

Alpha 2-macroglobulins

67
Q

Produced by neutrophils

Penetrate microbial membranes to disrupt the integrity of bacteria, enveloped viruses and fungi

A

Defensive

68
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

Defensins
Specialized defensins
Pentraxins

69
Q

Assist with phagocytosis by binding bacterial membranes to phagocytic cells

A

Pentraxins

70
Q

How can innate immunity be induced?.

A

By the invading pathogen

Delay of 4 days

71
Q

Properties of innate immunity receptors

A

Expressed by innate cells like macrophages, NK cells

Specific for microbial carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

72
Q

Innate immunity receptors allow the cells to distinguish:

A

Self from non-self

73
Q

Antigens recognized by the innate cell receptors are:

A

General, shared components

74
Q

In a cell becomes infected by a pathogen, what happens to the cell?

A

It HAS to die

75
Q

Macrophages receptors recognize:

A

The cells-surface carbohydrates of bacterial cells, but NOT those of human cells

76
Q

Natural killer cell receptors recognize:

A

Changes at the surface of human cells that are caused by viral infection

77
Q

Macrophages in tissues are ready to:

A

Attack pathogens and unauthorized commensalism

78
Q

Phagocytic receptors are specific for:

A

Bacterial carbohydrates and lipids

79
Q

Recoeptors that recognize bacterial carbohydrates

A

Lectins

80
Q

Lectins include:

A

Mannose receptor and dentin-1

81
Q

C-type Lectin

A

Ricin

82
Q

Macrophages receptors that recognize negatively charges microbial ligand

A

Scavenger receptors

83
Q

SR that protects the macrophage and assists with phagocytosis. Collagenous structure

A

Marco

84
Q

Receptors recognize ligands like LPS, hemagglutinin, Luca NS

A

Complement receptors CR3 and CR4

85
Q

After macrophage receptors are boundL

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis occurs

86
Q

Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes to form:

A

Phagolysosomes- enzymes in the lysosomes destroy the microbe

87
Q

Signal macrophages that recruit additional cells

A

Toll-like receptors (TLR)

88
Q

Inflammatory cytokines include:

A

Interleuken-1beta

IL-6
IL-12
CXCL8
Tumor necrosis factor alpha

89
Q

Action of CXCL8

A

Calls neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells toward damaged or infected areas

90
Q

IL-6 action:

A

Acts upon muscle cells and fat cells. Causes them to generate heat.

91
Q

Short lived killers

Circulate in blood in tremendous numbers- polymorphonuclear cells

A

Neutrophils

92
Q

What handed when neutrophils die?

A

They form pus

93
Q

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) continue killing pathogens

A

Netosis

94
Q

Antibodies are secreted by:

A

B cells, or plasma cells

95
Q

Antibodies action:

A

They clear the blood and tissue of invading pathogens and their toxins

96
Q

Antibodies are specific for

A

any number of pathogens that can enter the body

97
Q

Antibodies Binding to a specific pathogen results in

A

B cell proliferation

98
Q

Colonial selection

A

Large amounts of antibodies are produced specifically for a single pathogen

99
Q

Lack of game globulin in plasma

A

Agammaglobulemia

100
Q

Antibodies recognize and bind to:

A

Antigen

101
Q

Variable part of the antibody is based on

A

Amino acids on the ends of the Y structure

102
Q

Differences in types (or isotopes) are in the ______ region and they :

A

Constant

They confer functional differences

103
Q

Polypeptide chains of antibody structure (4)

A

2 identical heavy chains- H chains

2 identical smaller light chains (L chains)

104
Q

Antibody variable region

A

Forms the antigen-binding site

105
Q

Antibody Constant Region

A

No variation in amino acid sequence

106
Q

Hinge region in antibodies

A

Region in the middle with flexibility

107
Q

FAB in antibodies

A

Fragment antigen binding region- bind antigen

108
Q

Fc in antibodies

A

Mediates the effector functions

109
Q

Ig types

A

IgG IgM IgD IgA IgE

Think MADGE

110
Q

Loops that create differences in the binding sites

A

Hypervariable regions

111
Q

regions that bind to the antigens complementarily

A

Complementarity-determining regions (CDR1-3)

112
Q

Part of the antigen that binds to the antibody

A

Antigenic determinant (epitope)

113
Q

Antigen that contains more than one epitope or copy of the epitope

A

Multivalent antigen.

114
Q

Differences in epitope

A

Linear epitopes- successive amino acids

Discontinuous epitopes- amino acids brought together because of folding

115
Q

Bonding strength of the antibody to antigen

A

Affinities

116
Q

What can be used to make antibodies

A

Animal vaccinations

117
Q

What is produced specific for immunizing antigens

A

Anti sera

118
Q

Making immortal B cells

A

Hybridoma production

119
Q

B cells fused with a tumor cell form a _____

A

Hybridoma

120
Q

Detecting antibody producing B cells- exposure to a laser and separating by antibody

A

Flow cytometry

Immunology (10 decks)

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