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Immunology > Unit 3- Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Unit 3- Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Antibodies are protective against:

A

A reinfection of the same pathogen

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2
Q

After first infection, what do antibody-producing plasma cells turn into?

A

Memory B cells

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3
Q

What causes a faster response upon subsequent exposure

A

Memory T cells- ready to respond and help B cells

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4
Q

What gives memory cells a distinct advantage?

A

They outnumber naive counterparts

Are easily activated

Have antibody improvements

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5
Q

What allowed protective immunity from smallpox?

A

A related animal virus

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6
Q

Memory cells have no:

A

Consistent antigens

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7
Q

Stromal cells in bone marrow give:

A

Necessary survival signals

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8
Q

What happens in Primary infections for B cell memory

A

Affinity maturation and isotype switching

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9
Q

Memory B cells circulate where?

A

In lymph and blood

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10
Q

What happens in secondary infections for memory B cells

A

Naive B cells are inhibited

Memory B cells are activated

Lymph nodes swell

Affinity maturation

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11
Q

Steps for B cell in primary response

A

Naive B cells bind to pathogen

It is activated and becomes an antibody producing plasma cell

Production of low-affinity IgM antibodies

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12
Q

What happens to naive B cells in 2ndary response

A

Naive B cell binds pathogen coated with specific antibody

A negative signal is given to the naive B cell to prevent its activation

No production of low-affinity IgM antibodies

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13
Q

What happens to Memory B cells in 2ndary response?

A

Memory B cell binds to pathogen

B cell is activated and becomes an antibody-producing plasma cell

Production of high-affinity IgG

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14
Q

Maturation in primary infection for T cells

A

NO affinity maturation

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15
Q

Greater number of T cells recirculates through:

A

Lymphoid organs and body tissues

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16
Q

In 2ndary infection, T cells are reactivated where?

A

At the site of infection

No costimulation required

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17
Q

Secondary infections for T cells

What cells are activated

A

Dendritic cells

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18
Q

Red blood cell antigen

A

Rhesus D (RhD)

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19
Q

What happens if mother’s RhD is negative and baby’s is positive?

A

1st pregnancy- Baby’s RhD triggers a primary response

2nd pregnancy- mother’s immune system will attack and reject the blood of the baby

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20
Q

What happens when the mother’s immune system rejects her baby’s blood?

A

Antibodies coat the blood antigen

Causes severe hemolytic anemia

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21
Q

Ways to prevent mother’s immune system attacking the 2nd baby

A

Gamma globulin shots - protects the baby’s RBC

Passive immunization- transferring antibodies

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22
Q

Review slide 17

A

Slide 17

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23
Q

Immune system becomes more refined with:

A

Additional exposures

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24
Q

Original antigenic sin

A

The first response to a mutating pathogen affects all of the other future responses

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25
Q

Who created the vaccine for smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

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26
Q

What was the first vaccine?

A

Virus from cowpox lesions (for smallpox)

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27
Q

Second vaccine created for smallpox

A

Variolation

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28
Q

Variolation contains

A

Variola- smallpox lesion

Small amounts of the smallpox lesions transferred to someone else

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29
Q

Vaccine effects

A

Possibility of fatal cases of pox

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30
Q

Only eradicated infections disease

A

Smallpox

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31
Q

Factors that allowed smallpox to be eradicated

A

No mutations

Human reservoir- You will never find this in any other plant or animal

Natural immune response

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32
Q

Killed/inactivated virus vaccines properties

A

They have been chemically or physically altered

33
Q

Benefits of killed/inactivated virus vaccines

A

Generates memory helper T cells and B cells

34
Q

Problems with killed/inactivated virus vaccines

A

Large amounts of the virus is required

35
Q

Examples of killed/inactivated virus vaccines

A

Influenza
Polio
Rabies

36
Q

Properties of live attenuated virus vaccines

A

Mutant non-pathogenic form of the virus—- it has been weakened but still alive.
Triggered cytotoxic T cells to respond

37
Q

Benefits of live attenuated virus vaccines

A

More natural immunity than killed/inactivated viruses

38
Q

Live attenuated virus vaccines produces:

A

Memory killer T cells

39
Q

Examples of live attenuated virus vaccines

A 
Mumps
Measles
Polio
Rubella
Yellow fever
40
Q

How are viruses weakened for attenuated viruses?

A

A virus is grown in human cultured cells

The cultured virus is then used to infect another animals’ cells

The virus will acquire a variety of mutations that allow it to grow well in the animal.

That mutation no longer grows well in human cells, so can then be used as a vaccine

41
Q

Polio vaccine types

A

Both inactivated and live attenuated

42
Q

First polio vaccine was made by:

A

Salk

43
Q

The 1st polio vaccine injected:

A

Killed vaccine made of several polio viruses

44
Q

First polio vaccine was treated with:

A

Formaldehyde

45
Q

2nd polio vaccine was developed by:

A

Sabin

46
Q

2nd polio vaccine type

A

Live attenuated virus

47
Q

Benefit of the live attenuated virus vaccine for polio:

A

Better protection and easier to administer

48
Q

Polio virus vaccine are given in:

A

Tandem

49
Q

Problems with the polio vaccines

A

Salk- incomplete killing

Sabin- Incomplete attenuation

50
Q

Properties of subunit vaccines

A

Purified viral antigen particles (surface of the antigen is removed)

51
Q

Example of subunit vaccine

A

Hepatitis B - viral surface antigen

52
Q

Properties of DNA vaccines

A

Producing subunit particles from recombinant DNA

Vaccines are produces directly from DNA

53
Q

Virus causing severe diarrhea in children’s

A

Rotavirus

54
Q

Rotavirus vaccines (2)

A

Romaric

Rotates

55
Q

Rotarix is what type of vaccine

A

Attenuated rotavirus

56
Q

What type of vaccine is rotateq?

A

Antigens from animal rotavirus

57
Q

Genetically engineered vaccine

A

Carrier vaccines

58
Q

How are carrier vaccines made?

A

Pathogenic gene is inserted into non-pathogenic virus

THESE ARE NOT COMPLETED YET

59
Q

Carrier vaccine example:

A

Currently developing rabies vaccinations

60
Q

Tuberculosis vaccine is derived from:

It is used:

A

Bovine strain

Overseas

61
Q

Typhoid fever, AKA:

A

Salmonella types

62
Q

Vaccine for typhoid fever type

A

Live-attenuated— defected enzyme

63
Q

Vaccines against bacterial toxin

A

Toxin-based vaccines

64
Q

Toxin-based vaccine examples

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Clostridium tetani

65
Q

Toxin-based vaccines require

A

An antibody response

66
Q

Capsule-based vaccines properties:

A

Triggers the antibody response against the capsule

These bacteria have a sticky coating on the outside. This vaccine removes the coating

67
Q

Examples of capsule-based vaccines

A

strep pneumonia
Neisseria meningitidis,
Haemophilus influenza
E. Coli

68
Q

Vaccines that have different antigens recognized by B cells and T cells linked together so they can be seen more easily

A

conjugate vacciens

69
Q

Neisseria meningitidis vaccines

A

meningitis polysaccharides with tetanus or diphtheria toxoid

70
Q

Process of activating T and B cells

A

B cell binds bacterial polysaccharide component of vaccine conjugate , which is then internalized and degraded

peptides from the toxoid are presented to the T cell, which activates the B cell

Activated B cell differentiates into a plasma cell producing anti-polysaccharide antibodies that bind to bacteria

71
Q

What is added to conjugate vaccines that are too small to be detected?

A

Adjuvants

72
Q

What are adjuvants added to conjugate vaccines for?

A

to trigger both innate and adaptive immunity

73
Q

Example of conjugate vaccines with adjuvants

A

DTP-diptheria
Tetanus
Pertussis

74
Q

Non-vaccine examples of adjuvants

A

Alum

Oil in water

75
Q

Active Immunity

A

Immunity that we are exposed to and have the the memory for. This includes all vaccines discussed so far

76
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies given to you- there is no memory.

77
Q

example of passive immunity

A

nursing

78
Q

New vaccines for new and old pathogens

A

Influenza

Measles

Herd immunity

Immunology (10 decks)

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