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Immunology > Exam 2- Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2- Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

B cells are kept in (SMALL/LARGE) amounts

A

Small

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2
Q

Source of B cells

A

Bone marrow stem cells

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3
Q

Phase 1 of B Cell development

A

B cell precursors acquire antigen receptors and go through rearrangement

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4
Q

Phase 2 of B cell development

A

Negative selection

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5
Q

Phase 3 of B cell development

A

Positive selection

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6
Q

Phase 4 of B cell development

A

B cells patrol for pathogens

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7
Q

Phase 5 for B cell development

A

B cell activation (results in proliferation and colonial expansion)

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8
Q

Phase 6 of B cell development

A

B cell differentiation (results in production of effector cells and memory cells)

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9
Q

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells give rise to:

A

B / T cells

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10
Q

B cell precursors

A

Pro-B cells

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11
Q

What type of gene rearrangement takes place with Pro-B cells?

A

Heavy chain gene rearrangement

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12
Q

What type of B cells undergo light chain gene rearrangements?

A

Pre-B cells

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13
Q

What happens when gene rearrangements are completed?

A

Pre-B cell becomes an immature B cell

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14
Q

Receptor types on a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

A

CD34

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15
Q

Receptor types on a common lymphoid progenitor

A

CD34 and CD10

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16
Q

Receptor types on a B cell precursor

A

CD34
CD10
And CD127

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17
Q

Receptor types on a pro-B cell

A

CD34
CD10
CD127
And CD19

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18
Q

Cells that assist with B cell maturation- act as the parents

A

Stromal cells

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19
Q

How long to stromal cells help B cells mature?

A

Until they are mature enough to leave the bone marrow.

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20
Q

How do stromal cells interact with B cells?

A

Through adhesion molecules

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21
Q

What growth factor does the stromal cell produce to help B cell mature?

A

IL-7

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22
Q

Where do B cells travel to after they leave the bone marrow?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, peyer’s patches)

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23
Q

Pro-B cells have to rearrange themselves into:

A

Productive rearrangement (antibody)

24
Q

If the pro-B cell has an incorrect arrangement, it is called:

What happens if it cannot get to productive?

A

Non-productive arrangement

Will undergo apoptosis and die

25
Q

Percentage of cells that survive heavy chain rearrangement

A

50%

26
Q

B cells have ___#___ functional immunoglobulin

A

1

27
Q

What happens after the first functional immunoglobulin is completed?

A

Rearrangement and transcription is halted to prevent formation of additional immunoglobulins

28
Q

Choosing one allele over another:

A

Allelic exclusion

29
Q

Allelic exclusion gives homogenous B-Cell receptors only with”

A

High avidity binding (single specificity)

30
Q

Percent of B cells that have a successful light chain rearrangement

A

85%

31
Q

Completed B cell receptors trigger a signal to shut down what?

A

The other light chain rearrangement

32
Q

First bone marrow checkpoint checks for:

A

Formation of a functional heavy chain

33
Q

Second checkpoint in the bone marrow checks for:

A

Formation of a. Functional light chain

34
Q

What happens to B cells once they pass both check points?

A

They become immature B cells

35
Q

What cells act as the checkpoints?

A

Stromal cells

36
Q

What B cells bind to self-antigens

A

Self reactive or auto reactive

37
Q

Healthy B cells mature and have what presented on the surface?

A

IgM and IgD

38
Q

To eliminate self reactive B cells, what must happen?

A

They are presented to self-antigens on stromal cells in the bone marrow.

Only those negative for self may eventually leave the bone marrow

39
Q

Percentage of immature B cells that have affinity for self antigens

A

75%

40
Q

Out of 100 p/or B cells, how many make it out alive?

A

10

41
Q

What happens if immature B cells self react?

A

They are directed to rearrange the light chain to change the specificity of the B cell receptor

42
Q

Type of editing done to change the specificity of the B cell

A

Receptor editing

43
Q

What happens if receptor editing is not successful in making a B cell non-self-reactive?

A

Colonial deletion- cell dies if it is not changed enough

44
Q

How many chances does a B cell get to rearrange?

A

4 full chances- can be used at any time (So, if it rearranges 3 times during heavy editing, it only has one more chance before it has to die).

45
Q

What happens if an immature B cell binds to a soluble self antigen after they leave the bone marrow?

A

They become anergic (lethargic)- they are unreceptive to anything out there

46
Q

Type of tolerance in primary lymphoid organs, where self reactive cells die- controlled by stromal cells

A

Central tolerance

47
Q

Type of tolerance in peripheral lymphoid organs, where the self reactive cells become anergic

A

Peripheral tolerance

48
Q

When does maturation occur in immature B cells?

A

When they enter the secondary lymphoid tissues—- they are still immature while in the blood until they reach them.

They don’t know which lymphoid follicle they want, and will keep going from one to another until they find the right one. That is when they will become mature.

49
Q

Between immature and mature B cells—- they are considered this as their circulate the system

A

Naive B cells

50
Q

What displays antigens off of lymph nodes, looking to lure in B cells?

A

Stromal cells

51
Q

Antigen matching results in:

A

Proliferation and differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells

52
Q

When B cells match an antigen, they are activated by:

The B cell will then secrete:

A

CD4 helper T cells

IgM antibody

53
Q

Activated B cells migrate to:

A

A germinal center in a lymph node (centroblasts)

54
Q

Why do lymph nodes swell?

A

Because a B cell found a match, so they are not making more B cells inside the lymph node.

55
Q

What develop after the effector immune response subsides?

A

Memory cells develop

56
Q

Memory B cells have a (LOW/HIGH) affinity, and are what type of antibodies?

A

High

Isotype switched antibodies

57
Q

Memory B cells last how long?

A

They persist throughout a person’s lifetime. They are easily stimulated into plasma cells upon re-exposure to their antigen

Immunology (10 decks)

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