unit 4 autoimmunity

Question 1

autoimmunity

Answer 1

attacking own cells and tissues

Question 2

loss of tolerance

Answer 2

B and T cells no longer tolerate self antigens

Question 3

molecular mimicry

Answer 3

foreign protein resembles human protein

Question 4

mechanisms that cause autoimmune diseases

Answer 4

impaired T regulatory cells, enhanced Th17 cells, viral infections, molecular mimicry, and genetic/development factors

Question 5

symptoms of lupus

Answer 5

alternating flares and remissions
–> butterfly rash, hepatic inflammation, glomerulonephritis

Question 6

principles of laboratory tests to diagnose lupus

Answer 6

ANAs –> testing serum for autoantibody (antinuclear) 90% positive
–> Anti-dsDNA and Anti-Smith are used to confirm lupus

Question 7

homogenous stain pattern

Answer 7

associated with lupus

Question 8

speckled stain pattern

Answer 8

associated with sjogren syndrome

Question 9

nucleolar stain pattern

Answer 9

associated with scleroderma

Question 10

nuclear membrane stain pattern

Answer 10

associated with primary billary cirrohsis

Question 11

centromere stain pattern

Answer 11

associated with crest syndrome scleroderma

Question 12

specificity of Anti-Sm

Answer 12

simplest and most specific test for lupus

Question 13

signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 13

joint pain and swelling, progressive destruction of cartilage

Question 14

rheumatoid factor

Answer 14

autoantibodies that acts against self antibodies

Question 15

false positive and false negative results in laboratory testing for RF

Answer 15

present in other disorders like sjogrens syndrome which shows a false positive

Question 16

diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 16

positive ANA screening test (homogenous or speckled)
–> Anti-CCP antibodies (60%-70%)
–> ESR inflammatory markers and CRP to monitor flare ups

Question 17

mechanism of damage multiple sclerosis

Answer 17

1. activated T cells surmount blood-brain barrier
2. molecular mimicry of myelin basic protein
3. inflammation surrounding CNS and causes demyelination

Question 18

symptoms of multiple sclerosis

Answer 18

disturbance in visual acuity, motor disturbances, speaking

Question 19

diagnosis of multiple sclerosis

Answer 19

clinical signs –> neurologic changes
increased IgG in CSF
antibody index testing to measure Anti-MBP antibody in serum and CSF

Question 20

mechanism of myasthenia gravis

Answer 20

autoantibodies bind to acetylcholine receptor and blocks binding/causes degradation

Question 21

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

Answer 21

muscle weakness, ocular disturbances
–> blepharoptosis (dropping eyelids
–> diplopia (double vision
oropharyngeal muscle weakness

Question 22

diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

Answer 22

looking for antibodies against acetylcholie
–> anti-AchR antibodies

Question 23

mechanism of diabetes mellitus

Answer 23

T cells lose tolerance to insulin producing beta cells which triggers cell mediated response

Question 24

symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Answer 24

fatigue , joint aches, impaired visual activity, peripheral neuropathy (cannot feel pain anymore)

Question 25

anti thyroid antibodies in thyroid diseases

Question 26

laboratory tests used for autoimmune thyroid disease

Answer 26

Anti-thyroperoxidase and Anti-thyroglobulin, measure levels of T3 and T4

Question 27

ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 27

cause: inflammation in sacroiliac joints
effect: destruction and fusion of joints
findings: HLA-B27 is risk factor

Question 28

good pasture syndrome

Answer 28

cause: autoantibodies targeting collagen of glomerular basement membrane
effect: glomerulonephritis

Question 29

sjogren syndrome

Answer 29

autoimmune disorder against lacrimal and salivary glands
effect: dry eyes/mouth and effects joints skin

Question 30

scleroderma/CREST syndrome

Answer 30

cause: inflammation leads to activation of fibroblasts that produce excessive levels of collagen
effect: thickening and tightening of skin

Question 31

pathogenesis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Answer 31

cold aagglutinin disease

Question 32

significance of cold agglutinins

Answer 32

causes RBCS to clump together and be destroyed

Question 33

cryoglobulins

Answer 33

antibodies that precipitate (clump together) at temperatures lower than body temperature