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Biology > UNIT 4 - AOS 1 - CH6 > Flashcards

UNIT 4 - AOS 1 - CH6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Disease

A

“A condition in a living animal or plant that impairs the normal functioning of an organ, part structure or system”

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2
Q

Types of diseases

A

INFECTIOUS
“Communicate disease caused by pathogenic agents & transmitted from one individual to another”
= Cellular
= Non Cellular
EMERGING DISEASES: Caused by newly identified or unknown agent.
RE-EMERGING DISEASES: It appears after a significant decline in cases.

NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
“Disease that can spread from infected to healthy person via enviro”
= Genetic
= Nutritional
= Cancers
= Cardiovascular

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3
Q

Epidemic

A
  • Uncontrolled spread of infectious disease
    - Restricted geographical spread (localised)
  • Can become a pandemic
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4
Q

Pandemic

A
  • Uncontrolled spread of infectious disease
    - Wide global spread = at least 3 countries & 2 regions
  • Epidemic can become a pandemic
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5
Q

How do pandemics occur?

A
  1. Pathogen suddenly appears in geographical areas where human pop hasn’t had previous contact
  2. Illness occurs (usually first in animals) & becomes easily transmissible
  3. Uncontrolled spread of pathogen occurs worldwide.
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6
Q

Impact of European diseases on Aboriginal and TSI

A

Indigenous had no resistance to disease = major ^ in fatalities after first exposure

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7
Q

Effects the emergence of a disease can have

A
  • large loss of life
  • Long term health consequences
  • Economy (cost to prevent spread, business closures, unemployment)

Vital that pathogens are identifies and controlled by understanding mode of transmission quickly

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8
Q

Identifying hosts

A

RESERVOIR
“The habitat in which a pathogen lives, grows and multiplies”
= humans, animals & enviro (do not experience disease)

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
“An organism who can get the disease”
= Pathogen is transmitted from reservoir
= susceptibility depends on genetics, age, sex nutrition etc.

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9
Q

Epidemiological trial model

A

3 main components to help explain the main cause of disease emergence

  1. PATHOGEN (type of pathogen & disease-causing organism)
  2. HOST (target of the disease)
  3. ENVIRONMENT (Conditions allowing disease to be transmitted)
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10
Q

Modes of transmission

A

“How disease spreads from infected to healthy individuals”

DIRECT
= person-person contact (physical touch, kissing)

IN-DIRECT TRANSMISSION
= airborne (cough, sneeze)
= ingestion of contaminated food/water
= contact with contaminated objects
= vectors - organisms carrying disease (bite)

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11
Q

Difference between infection and disease

A

INFECTION:
“Pathogen enters body, overcoming defences & multiplying rapidly”

DISEASE:
“An infection that has developed into a disease as symptoms of disease are showing”

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12
Q

Incubation period

A

“The period after exposure, but before first symptoms of disease appear”

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13
Q

How to quantify the spread of a virus

A

= R0 values
They show the expected number of individuals that are infected by one individual.

R4 = one person can infect 4 people

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14
Q

Controlling the spread of disease aim & identify steps

A

To prevent spread and contain the disease
1. PREVENTION
2. VACCINATION
3. MEDICATION
4. MODIFICATION OF ENVIRO
5. INFECTION CONTROL STANDARDS

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15
Q

PREVENTION - in terms of controlling disease spread

A
  • Improve hygiene
  • Using insect repellent (can act as vector)
  • Improved sanitisation
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16
Q

VACCINATION - in terms of controling disease spread

A
  • Provides long-term immunity against infectious disease
  • Help prevent spread & eradicate disease
17
Q

MEDICATION - in terms of controlling disease spread

A

ANTIVIRALS

ANTIBIOTICS

18
Q

Antivirals

A

“Type of medication used to treat viral infections”
- Virus is located within cells and undergoing replication

MODE OF ACTION:
- Prevent viral entry
- Prevent replication of viral genome
- Prevent synthesis of viral proteins

19
Q

Antibiotics

A

“Type of medication used to treat bacterial infections”
- Kill microorganisms & inhibit growth

TYPES:
Narrow spectrum: act against limited variety of microorganisms
Broad spectrum: act against many diff microorganisms

Natural -> produced by other organisms
Semi-synthetic -> Produced partially by chemical synthesis
Synthetic -> produced by chemical synthesis

MODE OF ACTION:
- Inhibiting protein/enzyme synthesis

20
Q

MODIFICATION OF ENVIRO - in terms of controlling disease spread

A
  • Enviro made less suitable for pathogens to grow & be transmitted (e.g. vector control)
21
Q

INFECTION CONTROL STANDARDS - in terms of controlling disease spread

A
  • Sterilisation (kill microbes from surfaces using heat)
  • Isolation (quarantine)
  • Hygiene
  • Antiseptics (inhibit pathogen growth on LIVING surfaces)
  • Disinfectants (inhibit pathogen growth on NON-LIVING surfaces)
22
Q

Sensitivity testing

A

Used for identifying the appropriate antibiotic that would be most effective to treat bacterial infection

STEPS:
1. Agar plate spread with bacteria
2. Small discs of diff antibiotics are added
3. Lack of growth around effective antibiotic

(Clean Zone = around effective antibiotics where it has killed bacteria)

23
Q

Vaccination programs

A

“Mandated programs that set schedule vaccinations against specific diseases”

AIM:
- Reduce impact of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases
- Achieve ^ rates of immunity in community

NATIONAL VACCINATION PROGRAM:
- Outlines ages
- Been able to eliminate certain diseases from population due to mass vaccination

24
Q

Overview of vaccine

A
  1. Developed vaccine is injected
  2. Immune system produces antibodies & memory cells against pathogen
  3. Boosters ^ antibody prod.
  4. Antibody is specific to treated pathogen = if contact with that pathogen occurs again immune system is ready.
25
Q

Boosters

A

“Injection of vaccine given after longer interval between initial injection”
- Some vaccines are weaker & last for shorter period = need more than one

26
Q

Herd immunity

A

“An indirect form of protection, as if the ^ proportion of population are vaccinated those without are protected”

  • Only relates to contagious diseases
  • Vulnerable people who can’t get vaccinated are protected (babies, elderly, cancer patients)
  • Try to get pathogen of slowly disappear (pathogen can’t find hosts)
27
Q

Immunotherapy

A

“Altering the immune response to fight diseases such as cancer & autoimmune disease”

STRATEGIES:
- Vaccination (antibodies)
- CAR T-cell therapy (special t-cells are programed to recognise cancer cells)
- Immune inhibitors (T-cells are more active in activating other immune cells)
- Cytokine therapy (Activates immune system to better destroy cancer cells)
- Monoclonal antibodies (Antibodies with specific target cells and cause immune response.)

28
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A
  • New & commonly used to treat cancer
  • MAbs = specifically designed antibodies (every antibody in a set binds to same antigen)
  • Artificially produced (in lab stimulating B lymphocytes in mice injected with specific type of antigen)

STEPS:
1. Mouse injected with antigen and activates clonal selection & expansion of B lymphocytes -> antibodies produced
2. Spleen of mouse removed ( contains B cells)
3. B cells mixed & fused with myeloma cells (= tumour cell) so the B cell can divide indefinitely
4. Fused cells = hybridomas. These are cloned to have multiple copies
5. The selected clones can be grown indefinitely & the required antibodies can be harvested

29
Q

How Monoclonal antibodies can be used for cancer

A
  • Antibodies can be designed to target specific antigens and cancer cells.
  • MAbs used in conjunction with other treatments (chemo/radio)

MODES OF ACTION:
Naked monoclonal antibodies:
- Stop growth of new blood vessels
- Signal immune cells to attack (cytotoxic T-cells)
- Block growth factors

Conjugated monoclonal antibodies:
- Deliver anticancer to cancer cells

30
Q

Using MAbs for treating autoimmune disease

A

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies which attack the body’s self-cells

CANCER = MAbs used to Increase the immune response against cancer cells

AUTOIMMUNE = MAbs used to decrease the immune response against self-cells.
- The MAbs block the APC’s MHC-II marker which are trying to present the antigen of a body’s self-cell = T-Helper cell can’t bind to the MHC-II so immune response isn’t carried out.

31
Q
A

Biology (37 decks)

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