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Biology > Unit 3 - AOS1 - CH.1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - AOS1 - CH.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Active transport

A

Net movement of dissolved substances across a cell membrane by an energy-requiring process that moves substances against a concentration gradient from a region of low to higher concentration.

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2
Q

Alpha helix

A

A type of secondary structure in proteins that appears as a tight twist.

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3
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Production of different mRNA molecules from one kind of pre-mRNA through joining various combinations of exons from the pre-mRNA

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4
Q

Amino Acids

A

Basic building blocks or sub-units of polypeptide chains and proteins

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5
Q

Anticodon

A

Sequence of three bases in a transfer RNA molecule that can pair with the complementary codon of a messenger RNA molecule

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6
Q

Beta-pleated sheet

A

A type of secondary structure in proteins that appears as folded sheets, with a change in direction of the polypeptide chain. .

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7
Q

Carbohydrate groups

A

Molecules that are associated with the plasma membrane and are associated with cell to cell communication.

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8
Q

Coding region

A

Part of a gene that contains the coded information for making a polypeptide chain

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9
Q

Coding strand

A

One strand of a DNA double helix that is complementary to the template.

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10
Q

Codons

A

Sequences of three bases in a messenger RNA molecule that contain the information either to bring amino acids into place (in a polypeptide chain) or start or stop this process.

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11
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

A single linear chain of many amino acids bonded together

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12
Q

Conjugate

A

A condition in which amino acids of a protein, particularly proteins in the nucleus, associate with other groups.

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13
Q

Degenerate

A

The property of the genetic code in which more than one triplet of bases can code or one amino acid.

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14
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide sub-units that contain the sugar deoxyribose and the bases A,C,G and T; DNA forms the major component of chromosomes.

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15
Q

Endocytosis

A

An energy-requiring process of bulk transport, in which solids or liquids move into the cell by engulfment

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16
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Cell organelle consisting of a system of membrane-bound channels that transport substances within the cell.

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17
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Any cells or organisms with a membrane-bound nucleus

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18
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Cells within eukaryotes that have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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19
Q

Exocytosis

A

An energy-requiring process of bulk transport, in which solids or liquids move out of the cell via vesicles.

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20
Q

Exons

A

Parts of the coding region of a gene that are both transcribed and translated.

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21
Q

Exon juggling

A

Production of different combinations of the exons in a gene transcript leading to different gene products from the same gene.

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22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Form of diffusion involving a specific carrier molecule for the substance.

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23
Q

Flanking regions

A

Regions located either downstream or upstream of the coding region of a gene.

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24
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

A model which proposes that the plasma membrane and other intracellular membranes should be considered as two-dimensional fluids in which proteins are embedded.

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25
Q

Genetic code

A

Representation of genetic information through a non-overlapping series of groups of three bases (triplets) in a DNA template chain.

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26
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Organelle that packages material into vesicles for export from a cell (also known as Golgi complex or Golgi body)

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27
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Substances that dissolved easily in water; also termed polar

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28
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances that tend to be insoluble in water; also termed non polar

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29
Q

Integral proteins

A

Proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

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30
Q

Introns

A

Parts of the coding region of a gene that are transcribed but not translated

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31
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes

32
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Form of RNA synthesises by transcription of a DNA template strand in the nucleus; mRNA carries a copy of the genetic information into the cytoplasm.

33
Q

Nucleoproteins

A

Proteins associated structurally with nucleic acids.

34
Q

Nucleotides

A

Basic building blocks or sub-units of DNA and RNA consisting of a phosphate group, a base and five-carbon sugar.

35
Q

Operator

A

A region found in an operon where a repressor is able to bind.

36
Q

Operon

A

A cluster of adjacent structural genes in bacteria controlled by a single promoter and operating as a coordinated unit.

37
Q

Osmosis

A

A specialised process of passive transport in which water molecules move across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water (low solute) to an area of low water (high solute)

38
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Proteins that are anchored to the exterior of the plasma membrane through bonding with the lipids or integral proteins.

39
Q

Phospholipids

A

Phospholipids major type of lipid found in plasma membranes and the main structural component of plasma membrane.

40
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Partially permeable boundary of a cell controlling entry to and exit of substances from a cell

41
Q

Post-transcription modification

A

Process occurring after transcription in which pre-mRNA is altered to become mature mRNA (splicing)

42
Q

Primary structure

A

The specific linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

43
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Any cells or organisms without a membrane-bound nucleus

44
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Cells within prokaryotes that lack a membrane-bound nucleus

45
Q

Promoter

A

Parts of the upstream flanking region of a gene where RNA polymerase binds, that contains base sequences termed a polypeptide.

46
Q

Proteins

A

Macromolecules built of amino acid sub-units and linked by peptide bonds to form a chain, sometimes term a polypeptide

47
Q

Proteome

A

The complete array of proteins produced by a single cell or an organisms in a particular environment

48
Q

Proteomics

A

The study of the proteome, the complete array of proteins produced by an organism

49
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The final level of protein structure in which multiple polypeptides join together o form a protein complex.

50
Q

Random coiling

A

A type of secondary structure in proteins that does not fit in as either a alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet.

51
Q

Redundant

A

see ‘degenerate’

52
Q

Regulator genes

A

genes that produce proteins that control the activity of other genes

53
Q

Ribonucleic acid (rna)

A

Nucleic acid consisting of a single chain of nucleotide sub-units that contain the sugar ribose and bases A, U, C and G

54
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Stable form of RNA found in ribosomes

55
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles that are major sites of protein production in cells in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

56
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that controls the synthesis of an RNBA strands from DNA template during transcription

57
Q

RNA processing

A

occurs after transcription and involves modifying pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA

58
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to

59
Q

Secondary structure

A

a type of protein structure where three different folds of alpha helices, beta-pleated sheets and random coils can occur in amino acid chains, depending on the R groups in the different amino acids.

60
Q

Semi-permeable

A

Allows only certain molecules to cross by diffusion

61
Q

Simple diffusion

A

the movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration of that substance; that is, down its concentration gradient.

62
Q

Spliceosomes

A

complex molecules present in the nucleus that remove intron from pre-mRNA transcript

63
Q

Structural genes

A

genes that produce proteins that contribute to the structure and functioning of an organism

64
Q

TATA box

A

short base sequence consistently found in the upstream flanking region of the coding region of genes

65
Q

Template strand

A

one strand of a DNA double helix that is used to produce a complementary mRNA strand during transcription

66
Q

Tertiary Strand

A

the total irregular 3D folding of a protein held together by various bonds forming a complex shape .

67
Q

Transcription

A

process of copying the genetic instructions present in DNA to messenger RNA

68
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

form of RNA that can attach to specific amino acids and carry them to a ribosome during translation.

69
Q

Translation

A

process of decoding the genetic instructions in mRNA into a protein (polypeptide chain) built of amino acids.

70
Q

trans-membrane proteins

A

proteins that are embedded within a span the plasma membrane, allowing them to have parts exposed to both the intracellular and extracellular environment.

71
Q

Triplet code

A

the idea that a genetic code consists of triplets or three base-pairs.

72
Q

trp operon

A

a collection of adjacent genes in bacteria that code for the enzymes needed in the production of tryptophan.

73
Q

Universal

A

the property of the genetic code in which the code is essentially the same across all organisms

74
Q

vesicles

A

membrane-bound sacs found within cell, such as secretory vesicles, which are involved in the export protein

75
Q

Complementary

A

a molecule having a specific chemical structure that allows it to bond in a ‘lock-and-key’ fashion to another molecule.

Biology (37 decks)

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