Unit 2 - AOS2 - Chromosomes etc.

Question 1

DNA acronym and structure

Answer 1

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid
- Double helix (Deoxyribose + Phosphate, & Bases)

Question 2

Nitrogenous Bases

Answer 2

1. Adenine + Thymine
2. Cytosine + Guanine

Question 3

Codon

Answer 3

3 bases = codes for a particular amino acid

Question 4

Amino acid

Answer 4

Join together to form protein

Question 5

Examples of proteins

Answer 5

• Histones (keeps DNA tightly coiled
• Keratin (hair and nails)
• Elastin & Collagen (skin)
• Enzymes in plants (control photosynthesis)
• Shells on insects (hard exterior for protection)

Question 6

Process of Transcription and Translation (RNA)

Answer 6

DNA -> transcript (copied) into messenger RNA

-> ribosome translates mRNA into amino acids

Question 7

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 7

2 identical chromatids

Question 8

Alleles

Answer 8

“Different forms of a specific gene”

Question 9

Gene

Answer 9

“Sequence of DNA that encodes for a specific trait”

Question 10

Gene loci

Answer 10

“Specific position of a gene on a chromosome”

Question 11

Types of ploidy within a organism

Answer 11

• Haploid = one of each chromosome
• Diploid = two of each chromosome
• Triploid = three of each chromosome
• Tetraploid = four of each chromosome

Question 12

Characteristics of gene loki in a diploid organism

Answer 12

for each chromosome pair they have the same gene loki
-> in one of the gene Loki that is on both chromosomes they would code for the same gene but the DNA may be different.

Question 13

Genome

Answer 13

Set of DNA that is normal for an organism to have in a particular species.

Question 14

Human genome

Answer 14

23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)

Question 15

Karyotyping

Answer 15

Chromosomes are stained and examined under a microscope to look at a chromosome shape and number

Question 16

Aneuploidy + types

Answer 16

When an organism/cell has an extra or missing chromosome
Trisomy 21 = Down Syndrome
XXY (trisomy) = Klinefelter Syndrome
Monosomy (only survivable one) = Turners Syndrome (X)

Question 17

Types of Chromosomal Abnormalities/mutations - DDIT

Answer 17

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Question 18

metacentric

Answer 18

• centromere is positioned in the middle of chromosome
• p(top) and q(bottom) arms are equal length

Question 19

Submetacentric

Answer 19

• centromere positioned towards one end
• q arms are approx double length of shorter p arms

Question 20

Acrocentric

Answer 20

• centromere is positioned very close to one end
• parma are very short with added ball thing

Question 21

Telocentric

Answer 21

• centromere is positioned at the top of the chromosome
• no p arms