Unit 4 - AC3.2 - Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control Flashcards
What are the 4 things agencies have done to keep social control
1- environmental design, 2- behavioural tactics, 3- institutional tactics, 4- gaps in state provision
1 what are the 2 ways environmental design can effect crime levels
influencing potential offenders + effecting ability to achieve control
1 what are the four examples / cases of evidence for environmental design
defensible space, CPTED, gated lanes, prison design
1 what did Oscar Newman’s defensible space study argue
some spaces are defensible and some are indefensible - crime is more likely in indefensible spaces like stairways and walkways
1 in the defensible space study, what % of all crimes in NYC are comitted in public spaces
55%
1 what does R,Jeffert’s CPTED argue
crime is as a result of opportunity from the environment and altering it can prevent crime
1 what 3 ways does CPTED say that crime can be prevented through
creating open spaces with strong lighting, a lack of hiding spaces, low level bushes
1 what research supports CPTED
Lisson green - w london - removing overhead walkways caused a 50% decrease in crime
1 what does the gated lanes/alley gates theory argue
loockable gates prevent offenders gaining access to housing to prevent burglaries etc
1 what positive study supported allay gates
sidebottom et al - 43 studies found that gates reduced burglary rates – residents can take responsibility for closing gates to increase surveillance and makes it harder for burglaries to be successful
1 what evidence goes against alley gates
some suggest that £4000 for one gate at each end is too expensive and doesnt tackle criminals who live within the gates
1 what theory does environmental design support
right realism - as supports rational choice theory - offenders act rationally as if see residents they should stay away
1 criticisms of Environmental design
focuses on defence by insiders but offenders can be insiders too,
cant prevent crime that dint involve public intrusion,
other factors may cause the crime not the environmental design
1 what is the panopticon design
the all seeing prison design where guards can see all prisoners through a watch tower
1 why is it good that prisoners dont know if the guards can see them
they have to behave all the time just incase, it becomes a self surveillance
2 what two tactics are used to change behaviour
ASBOs and CBOs/injunctions + token economies
2 what are asbos
1998 - to deal with low level crime by threatening the legal rights of someone eg an order to stop loud noise late at night
2 why were asbos replaced by the CBO/injunctions in 2014
people saw them as honourable - 2009 58% breached their asbos
2 what are CBOs
to deal w seriously antisocial behaviour as breaching could result in prison
2 whats an injunction
to deal w low level nuisance - lower sentence for breaching
2 positive and negative requirements of CBOs
p - can require things such as rehab and courses in the order
n - it forbids a certain action
2 whats a token economy
a form of behaviour modification based on BF skinners operant conditioning ( ratbox ) that supports vicarious reinforcement
2 what studies show token economy effectiveness
Hobbs and Holt - 125 boys 12-15 in a correctional institute found the token economy changed their behaviour // studies show once they left the desireable behaviour dissapears
3 what are institutional tactics
Methods used by an institution to reduce deviant behaviour and achieve social control eg token economies
3 What rules in prison help keep control
-behaving in a non violent way
- not stopping staff doing their job
- not causing damage to property
- obeying orders
3What procedure does the police have to deal with offenders before court procedures
The staged discipline procedure - a series of cautions that act as a second chance for them to admit guilt w/o court
4 what do gaps in state provision mean for social control
It can never be fully complete
What are the 4 reasons for gaps in state provision
Resources / new tech / unreported crime / existing laws
Why are there gaps in resources
Funding comes from tax / people will only pay so much / since 2008 have been funding cuts eg 2010-18 police budget down 19% + officers 20,000 less // cps budget 1/4 + 1/3 staff less // prison budget down 16% + 15% less staff
Why does new tech cause gaps
Digital technology imposes a burden on criminal investigations // 2018 Head of CPS said justice system was ‘creaking’ and couldn’t cope with to data // cost of new tech like DNA profiling causes a rise in costs so limits ability in other areas
Why does unreported crime cause gaps
Can only convict offences if they’ve been reported // 40% of crimes are reported to police — 1/4 attempted rapes reported, less than 35% da’s reported in 2019-20
why do existing laws cause gaps
if theres a new crime that emerges w/o a law to prevent it // eg soc med companies claim they cant be prosecuted fir terrorist material on their sites as claim they arent the publishers
