Unit 4 - AC3.2 - Describe the contribution of agencies to achieving social control

Question 1

What are the 4 things agencies have done to keep social control

Answer 1

1- environmental design, 2- behavioural tactics, 3- institutional tactics, 4- gaps in state provision

Question 2

1 what are the 2 ways environmental design can effect crime levels

Answer 2

influencing potential offenders + effecting ability to achieve control

Question 3

1 what are the four examples / cases of evidence for environmental design

Answer 3

defensible space, CPTED, gated lanes, prison design

Question 4

1 what did Oscar Newman’s defensible space study argue

Answer 4

some spaces are defensible and some are indefensible - crime is more likely in indefensible spaces like stairways and walkways

Question 5

1 in the defensible space study, what % of all crimes in NYC are comitted in public spaces

Answer 5

55%

Question 6

1 what does R,Jeffert’s CPTED argue

Answer 6

crime is as a result of opportunity from the environment and altering it can prevent crime

Question 7

1 what 3 ways does CPTED say that crime can be prevented through

Answer 7

creating open spaces with strong lighting, a lack of hiding spaces, low level bushes

Question 8

1 what research supports CPTED

Answer 8

Lisson green - w london - removing overhead walkways caused a 50% decrease in crime

Question 9

1 what does the gated lanes/alley gates theory argue

Answer 9

loockable gates prevent offenders gaining access to housing to prevent burglaries etc

Question 10

1 what positive study supported allay gates

Answer 10

sidebottom et al - 43 studies found that gates reduced burglary rates – residents can take responsibility for closing gates to increase surveillance and makes it harder for burglaries to be successful

Question 11

1 what evidence goes against alley gates

Answer 11

some suggest that £4000 for one gate at each end is too expensive and doesnt tackle criminals who live within the gates

Question 12

1 what theory does environmental design support

Answer 12

right realism - as supports rational choice theory - offenders act rationally as if see residents they should stay away

Question 13

1 criticisms of Environmental design

Answer 13

focuses on defence by insiders but offenders can be insiders too,
cant prevent crime that dint involve public intrusion,
other factors may cause the crime not the environmental design

Question 14

1 what is the panopticon design

Answer 14

the all seeing prison design where guards can see all prisoners through a watch tower

Question 15

1 why is it good that prisoners dont know if the guards can see them

Answer 15

they have to behave all the time just incase, it becomes a self surveillance

Question 16

2 what two tactics are used to change behaviour

Answer 16

ASBOs and CBOs/injunctions + token economies

Question 17

2 what are asbos

Answer 17

1998 - to deal with low level crime by threatening the legal rights of someone eg an order to stop loud noise late at night

Question 18

2 why were asbos replaced by the CBO/injunctions in 2014

Answer 18

people saw them as honourable - 2009 58% breached their asbos

Question 19

2 what are CBOs

Answer 19

to deal w seriously antisocial behaviour as breaching could result in prison

Question 20

2 whats an injunction

Answer 20

to deal w low level nuisance - lower sentence for breaching

Question 21

2 positive and negative requirements of CBOs

Answer 21

p - can require things such as rehab and courses in the order
n - it forbids a certain action

Question 22

2 whats a token economy

Answer 22

a form of behaviour modification based on BF skinners operant conditioning ( ratbox ) that supports vicarious reinforcement

Question 23

2 what studies show token economy effectiveness

Answer 23

Hobbs and Holt - 125 boys 12-15 in a correctional institute found the token economy changed their behaviour // studies show once they left the desireable behaviour dissapears

Question 24

3 what are institutional tactics

Answer 24

Methods used by an institution to reduce deviant behaviour and achieve social control eg token economies

Question 25

3 What rules in prison help keep control

Answer 25

-behaving in a non violent way
- not stopping staff doing their job
- not causing damage to property
- obeying orders

Question 26

3What procedure does the police have to deal with offenders before court procedures

Answer 26

The staged discipline procedure - a series of cautions that act as a second chance for them to admit guilt w/o court

Question 27

4 what do gaps in state provision mean for social control

Answer 27

It can never be fully complete

Question 28

What are the 4 reasons for gaps in state provision

Answer 28

Resources / new tech / unreported crime / existing laws

Question 29

Why are there gaps in resources

Answer 29

Funding comes from tax / people will only pay so much / since 2008 have been funding cuts eg 2010-18 police budget down 19% + officers 20,000 less // cps budget 1/4 + 1/3 staff less // prison budget down 16% + 15% less staff

Question 30

Why does new tech cause gaps

Answer 30

Digital technology imposes a burden on criminal investigations // 2018 Head of CPS said justice system was ‘creaking’ and couldn’t cope with to data // cost of new tech like DNA profiling causes a rise in costs so limits ability in other areas

Question 31

Why does unreported crime cause gaps

Answer 31

Can only convict offences if they’ve been reported // 40% of crimes are reported to police — 1/4 attempted rapes reported, less than 35% da’s reported in 2019-20

Question 32

why do existing laws cause gaps

Answer 32

if theres a new crime that emerges w/o a law to prevent it // eg soc med companies claim they cant be prosecuted fir terrorist material on their sites as claim they arent the publishers