Unit 2 - AC4.1 - Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy development

Question 1

what are the 5 biological treatments developed to reduce offending

Answer 1

methadone / stibestrol / dietary supplements / tear gas / compulsary sterilisation

Question 2

what is methadone used for

Answer 2

controlled substitute for heroin can help reduce crime because heroin is linked to crime

Question 3

what is stilbestrol used for

Answer 3

to supress testosterone to reduce the male sex drive (it was used in prisons as chemical castration on a volunteer group of male sex offenders and had positive results

Question 4

what are dietary supplements used for

Answer 4

to reduce anti-social behaviour. Gesch et al gave 231 young male volunteers a dietary supplement or a placebo - supplement group = 37% decrease in violent incidents , placebo group = 10.1% decrease

Question 5

what is tear gas used for

Answer 5

crowd control, produces unpleasant physiological responses like vomiting, breathing difficulties and disorientation

Question 6

what is compulsory sterilisation used for

Answer 6

used to stop females from getting pregnant again, used if woman or children are in danger, was used in 2015 on woman who had 6 kids and having another could kill her so health and social services could force entry to her house and sterilise her

Question 7

what are the 3 individualistic treatments developed to reduce offending

Answer 7

psychoanalysis / behaviour modification / cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 8

who developed psychoanalysis treatment

Answer 8

Sigmund Freud

Question 9

what part of the mind is psychoanalysis based on

Answer 9

the unconscious

Question 10

what is the other name for psychoanalysis

Answer 10

the talking cure

Question 11

what happens in psychoanalysis

Answer 11

clients talk at length about their issues to access the material in the unconscious mind.

Question 12

what 2 ways did Freud use to access the unconscious mind

Answer 12

dream analysis / free association

Question 13

what is free association

Answer 13

when the therapist asks the client to freely share thoughts, words and anything else that comes to mind

Question 14

in the 1920’s, who used these ideas to influence the policies he created for treating young offenders in the institution he worked at ?

Answer 14

Aichorn

Question 15

what did aichorn say that a happy and pleasant environment would enable children to develop

Answer 15

a superego

Question 16

in eysenk’s experiment, what were the percentages of patients who’s neurosis improved, state the percentages of those1- treated with psychoanalysis 2- treated in hospital or by GP

Answer 16

1- 44% 2- 72%

Question 17

what are the weaknesses of psychoanalysis

Answer 17

timely / costly / information given by client is subjective

Question 18

what theory is behaviour modification based on

Answer 18

operant conditioning

Question 19

operant conditioning is related to the idea that behaviour is learned, what is the name of this?

Answer 19

behaviourism

Question 20

what is a token economy

Answer 20

where in institutions like a prison, tokens will be used which can be traded for goods/services like chocolate or phone calls home.

Question 21

what is the point of a token economy

Answer 21

to reinforce behaviours that are considered desirable

Question 22

who introduces the token economy to 125 boys in a delinquency institution in 1976

Answer 22

Hobbs and Holt

Question 23

what was the percentage change in appropriate behaviour

Answer 23

66% - 91.6%

Question 24

what are the disadvantages of behaviour modification

Answer 24

it can easily be put on / faked in order to achieve certain things like leaving prison, so often the effects don’t last long outside of the institutions

Question 25

what does CBT focus on crime as a consequence of

Answer 25

faulty thinking

Question 26

what does cbt try and replace faulty thinking with

Answer 26

rational and positive thought processes

Question 27

what is a method used in cbt

Answer 27

aggression replacement training (art)

Question 28

what is ART

Answer 28

using intervention training to focus on 3 components

Question 29

what 3 components does ART help with

Answer 29

social skills training / anger control training / training in moral reasoning

Question 30

whos study showed that art isnt effective

Answer 30

larden et al

Question 31

what happened in larden et al study

Answer 31

he found that there was no difference in the reoffending rate between 2 groups, from a swedish prison, one group having art and the other not

Question 32

what are the 3 socialistic treatments developed to reduce offending

Answer 32

penal populism / situational crime prevention / zero-tolerance policing