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CRIMINOLOGY Hollie > Unit 2 - AC2.3 - Describe sociological theories of criminality > Flashcards

Unit 2 - AC2.3 - Describe sociological theories of criminality Flashcards

1
Q

what is sociological theories of criminality

A

these focus on how society influences whether people become criminal

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2
Q

what are the 4 sociological theories

A

social structure / interactionism / realism / functionalism

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3
Q

what does social structure mean

A

this refers to how peoples place in the socioeconomic structure of their society influences the chances of them becoming a criminal

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3
Q

what does social structure mean

A

this refers to how peoples place in the socioeconomic structure of their society influences the chances of them becoming a criminal

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4
Q

what are the 2 theories within social structure

A

marxism / selective enforcement

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5
Q

who created the idea of marxism

A

karl marx

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6
Q

what is a marxist view on criminality

A

criminal activity is inevitable in a capitalist society

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7
Q

what are the 2 classes within society

A

the ruling capitalist class (bourgeoise) / the working class (proletariat)

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8
Q

what is the reason that marxists say the ruling class exploit the working class

A

profit

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9
Q

how many reasons did marx say there are as to why crime is inevitable

A

4

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10
Q

what is the first reason fir crime

A

the working class are exploited and driven into poverty, then they turn to crime to survive

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11
Q

what is the second reason for crime

A

aggressive advertising creates a desire for goods so people commit crimes to get them

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12
Q

what is the third reason for crime

A

frustration and alienation caused by feelings of inequality due to the wealth divide

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13
Q

what is the fourth reason for crime

A

profit is emphasised within society meaning competition is increased in the high classes leading to crimes like tax evasion, illegal dumping etc

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14
Q

what do marxists believe that the ruling class use crime as a means of

A

social control

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15
Q

what do institutions like police & schools encourage

A

conformity to capitalist values

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16
Q

what crimes do marxists believe laws tend to ignore

A

white collar / corporate

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17
Q

what crimes do marxists believe the law gives a higher profile to

A

street crimes / moral crimes

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18
Q

what do marxists believe that the government fabricate

A

crime statistics

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19
Q

what % of gov statistics are said to be false and misleading

A

42%

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20
Q

carson found that ?/200 companies that had broken the law were prosecuted

A

3

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21
Q

what is corporate crime usually punished with

A

fines

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22
Q

what is selective enforcement

A

choosing to enforce certain laws and not others

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23
Q

why do marxists think that the police/gov focus on crimes committed by the working class

A

to take the attention away from the ruling class who’s crimes tend to have more serious and widespread consequences

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24
Q

who do laws appear to protect

A

working class

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25
Q

who do marxists say the law actually protects

A

ruling class

26
Q

strengths of the marxism theory

A

the theory covers all classes and crimes / has practical applications

27
Q

weakness of the marxism theory

A

doesn’t address gender or ethnic inequalities / can exaggerate the amount of crime by the working class / some capitalist countries don’t have high crime rates like Switzerland and japan so cant be applied everywhere

28
Q

what is interactionism?

A

how people within a society interact with each other.

29
Q

what is the example of interactionist theory

A

labelling theory

30
Q

what is the labelling theory

A

a label is given to someone and then how we interact with them is influenced by their label

31
Q

what is argued about crime and deviance

A

no act is criminal or deviant itself, it becomes one when we create rules and regulations around the act to make it criminal

32
Q

what is an example of this

A

homosexuality was made a crime in the 50’s in the UK, but is no longer

33
Q

who identified the two types of deviance

A

edwin lemert

34
Q

what two types of deviance did lemert identify

A

primary and secondary

35
Q

what is primary deviance

A

trivial deviant acres that go uncaught like stealing stationary from work

36
Q

what is secondary deviance

A

acts that have been labelled as deviant

37
Q

what is a master status

A

the label given to someone

38
Q

what is the process of interactionism

A

master status - deviant subculture - self-fulfilling prophecy - deviance amp spiral - moral panic - increase call for action - etc

39
Q

define deviant subculture

A

a culture including deviance and crime

40
Q

what is an example of interactionism in society

A

mods and rockers

41
Q

strengths of interactionism

A

practical applications / shows media’s role

42
Q

weakness of interactionism

A

doesn’t explain the origins of the deviance /

43
Q

what are the 2 types of realism

A

right and left

44
Q

what us right realism

A

right wing conservative political viewpoints that encourage tough crime sentences

45
Q

what is crime related to in right realism

A

inadequate social control

46
Q

what perspective is the right realism theory in direct contrast to

A

Marxism

47
Q

what 3 factors do right realists see crime as a consequence of

A

biological differences / inadequate socialisation / offending as a rational choice.

48
Q

what is an example of inadequate socialisation theory

A

maternal deprivation / nuclear family

49
Q

strengths of right realism theory

A

Rettig’s research supports the theory / discourages crime

50
Q

weaknesses of right realis theory

A

overlooks white collar crime / ignores poverty and situation as causes of crime / ignores impulsivity as a consequence of drugs and alcohol as a reason for crime

51
Q

what is left realism

A

left wing socialist political opinions that see societal inequalities as the reason fir crime

52
Q

what do left realists say the best way of reducing is

A

reducing inequality

53
Q

who argues that there are 3 related causes of crime

A

Lea and Young

54
Q

what are the 3 related causes of crime proposed by lea and young

A

related deprivation / subculture / marginalisation

55
Q

what is relative deprivation

A

how deprived someone feels compared to others

56
Q

what is subculture

A

a group who’s values may promote crime to achieve the lifestyle they desire

57
Q

strengths of left realism

A

has practical applications / is seen as a more moral realism theory

58
Q

weaknesses of left realism

A

fails to explain white collar crime / doesnt explain why many people from working class and deprived backgrounds dont commit crime

59
Q

what is a FUNCTIONALIST view of crime

A

functionalists see crime as serving a number of functions in society

60
Q

what does emile durkheim see crime as

A

inevitable because expecting equally committed social values and beliefs from all members of a society is unrealistic

61
Q

what are the 3 functions does crime serve in society

A

uniting society / shared beliefs / social change

62
Q

what can crime be a warning of

A

something is wrong in society and it isnt functioning correctly

63
Q

strengths of functionalism

A

alternative viewpoint / it looks at crime as inevitable and that it has a function

CRIMINOLOGY Hollie (19 decks)

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