Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CRIMINOLOGY Hollie > Unit 2 - AC2.2 - Describe individualistic theories of criminality > Flashcards

Unit 2 - AC2.2 - Describe individualistic theories of criminality Flashcards

1
Q

define individualistic theories of criminality

A

Individualistic theories of criminality focus on something about the individual as an explanation for criminal behaviour, such as their personality or learning environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the three types of individualistic theories.

A

learning theories // psychodynamic // psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do behaviourists believe ?

A

that all behaviour is learned from our environment apart from a few basic instincts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does the social learning theory suggest

A

human behaviour is learned through the imitation of role models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is observational learning

A

observing and imitating the behaviour of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what did BANDURA theorise

A

children would be much more likely to imitate a behaviour if they saw it rewarded — VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what did bandura use in the experiment

A

bono dolls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

overview of banduras experiment

A

he used a 3-5 year old sapless from stanford bing uni nursery / children put into 3 groups / group one watched a video of an adult assaulting a bobo doll and were shown the male role model being praised for it/ group 2 were shown the video and the male being criticised / group 3 were shown the video with no comment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happend 10 minutes after the children enter the observation room

A

a researcher enters and tells them they will be given JUICE and a STICKER BOOK if the imitate the behaviour shown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the three learning theories

A

social learning theory / operant conditioning / differential association theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happened after the children were incentivised

A

the aggression levels rised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

was there much difference once the children were told there would be a reward for the aggression

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can we conclude from the experiment

A

seeing aggressive behaviour punished acts as a deterrent, but that seeing it rewarded is not necessary for behaviour to be imitated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

when behaviour is more likely to be repeated if it is reinforces in some way through a reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

who proposed the idea of operant conditioning

A

B.F Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

overview of bf skinner’s experiment

A

he put hungry rats in a box and once they figured out that pressing the leaver released food, the rat did it more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what can we gather from this experiment

A

gaining a reward for a criminal activity will lead to it being repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the differential assosciation theory

A

the theory proposes that criminal activity is learned from our environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

who proposed the differential association theory

A

sutherland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are learned attitudes

A

shared values and attitudes about the law amongst a group of people who associate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is internalisation

A

when someone may be inclined to copy and believe the same actions and beliefs of the group they’re around do and believe those same things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

weakness of using lab experiments

A

the behaviour observed is not the same as the behaviour in the real world as people may be more relaxed in familiar environments and some children had seen the bobo doll before making them 5 times less likely to imitate the aggressive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does psychodynamic mean

A

the psychology of emotions and behaviours developed especially in the childhood

24
Q

what was said according to sigmund freud

A

much of our behaviour is dictated by our unconscious mind.

25
Q

what did freud compare the human mind to

A

an iceberg

26
Q

what are the 3 parts of the personality

A

the id, ego and superego

27
Q

what is the id

A

the inconscious mind, contains the most basic human instincts, developed at birth

28
Q

what is the ego

A

the rational part of the personality, tries to compromise with the id, socially acceptable reasonings, developed at around 2 years

29
Q

what is the superego

A

moral centre, internalised cultural values taught by role models, developed at around 4 years

30
Q

what does freud say is necessary for children to develop these personality parts successfully

A

a stable home environment

31
Q

what may happed if a child doesn’t have a stable home environment

A

an id that dominates

32
Q

how is the superego developed

A

through taking on the characteristics of their same sex parent

33
Q

what does identifying mean

A

taking on someone’s characteristics

34
Q

what may happen to a child who develops a weak ego

A

they would find it hard to balance the differing needs of the id and superego which may make criminal behaviour more likely

35
Q

who proposed the maternal deprivation theory of delinquency

A

john bowlby

36
Q

how many juvenile thieves did bowlby study

A

44

37
Q

what percent if the 44 juvenile thieves experienced maternal deprivation before the age of 5

A

39%

38
Q

who did bowlby compare the juvenile thieves with

A

a control group of troubled children who had mental health problems but were not delinquents

39
Q

what percent of the non delinquent children experienced maternal deprivation

A

5%

40
Q

what was john bowlby’s overall theory

A

that a child will struggle to form relationships with others and may develop affectionless psychopathy if they grow up without a close relationship with its primary caregiver

41
Q

strengths of bowlby’s research

A

the ideas aknowledge the role of early socialisation on criminality / shows the importance of mother/child bond / has practical applications - shows how separating child and mother can be very damaging.

42
Q

weakness of freud’s theory

A

there is no way to prove that the unconscious mind exists / the data is collected from therapy sessions so data is subjective

43
Q

weakness of bowlby’s study

A

it was retrospective because the data recollection from the mothers and children may be incorrect as the data is many years old and could easily have been mis-remembered or made up / the other 61% have no mention as to why they’re delinquents / later research buy himself didn’t support his own theory

44
Q

what is a psychological theory of criminality

A

when crime is committed due to the individual differences in thinking processes

45
Q

who created the personality test

A

hans eysenck

46
Q

what format was the personality test in

A

questionnaire

47
Q

how many questionnaires were completed

A

700

48
Q

who completed the questionnaires

A

soldiers being treated for neurotic disorders at a hospital he was working at

49
Q

how many dimensions of the personality did he identify

A

2

50
Q

what are the 2 dimensions if the personality

A

extroversion & introversion // neuroticism & stability

51
Q

whare did eysenck say that most people score on the diagram

A

the middle of both dimensions

52
Q

where did eysenck say that criminals score on the diagram

A

highly on the neuroticism and extroversion

53
Q

what dimension did eysenck add later

A

psychoticism

54
Q

what are psychoticism characteristics

A

being cold, uncaring and aggressive

55
Q

fill the gap - eysenck said that we inherit more or less ________ nervous _______ that contribute to our personality type

A

reactive // systems

56
Q

strength of the personality test

A

there have been many other researchers who’s research supports the ideas that personality links with crime such as Center and Kemp (2002) / there are practical applications as we may be able to identify these personality traits in order to prevent crime

57
Q

weaknesses of the personality test

A

the test needs people to be self aware and to tell the truth meaning that there is a risk of a social desirability bias as people may lie to seem more normal / establishing cause and effect as the crime may cause the personality not vice versa / farrington’s research disapproves of this research and days there is no link between personality sand crime

CRIMINOLOGY Hollie (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions