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GCSE Geography Revision > Unit 3 - Topic 9 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Topic 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

give 2 fuel sources that are being developed to meet rising demand

A

tar sands and hydrogen fuel cells

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2
Q

what are non renewable energy sources

A

resources being used up which cannot be replaced

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3
Q

give 3 examples of non renewable energy resources

A

coil, oil and gas

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4
Q

what is a renewable energy source

A

energy that won’t run out and can be used over and over again

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5
Q

what is a recyclable energy source

A

provision of energy that can be recycled or reused

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6
Q

give 2 examples of recyclable energy sources

A

reprocessing uranium in nuclear power
biofuel energy

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7
Q

in the UK lots of gas comes from where

A

the North sea

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8
Q

the EU depended on Russia and Ukraine for gas but this changed after_____

A

the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022

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9
Q

give 3 things gas is used to provide energy for

A

heating, cooking, electricity generation

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10
Q

what needs developing to make wind energy viable and able to provide energy 100% of the time

A

energy storage systems - as at the moment it is weather dependent

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11
Q

lots of wind power is being generated in ____ - enough to power the whole of ____

A

california - san fransisco

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12
Q

give 2 things which can be fed into a biogas plant to ferment

A

organic matter such as wood chips and animal dung

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13
Q

____from fermentation of organic matter is used to power ____ generators or used for ____

A

methane
electricity
cooking

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14
Q

there are over __ million biogas plants across India

A

5

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15
Q

what do people say is bad about wind turbines

A

they say they ruin the natural aesthetic of rural landscapes
and can harm historic parkland

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16
Q

animals such as ___ can ___ around solar panel farms

A

sheep
graze

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17
Q

landowners are given large ___ to erect solar panels

A

subsidies

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18
Q

solar panels can bring ___ a large income

A

farmers

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19
Q

what is China’s main source of fuel

A

coal

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20
Q

what harm on the landscape comes from coal mining

A

landscape scarring

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21
Q

billions of tonnes of ___ are used to extract coal in large scale mines like Shengli opencast coal mine

A

water

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22
Q

oil spills threaten_______

A

marine and bird life

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23
Q

HEP harms forests as it ____ large areas of vegetation

A

floods

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24
Q

the remaining coal in the UK could be mined but It would be too ___ to do so - as it is much ___

A

expensive - deeper

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25
Q

give 5 reasons fro the decline of the UK coal industry

A

high cost
cheaper imported coal
declining demand
other energy sources replaced it
greenhouse gas emissions

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26
Q

give 2 countries where coal can be imported more cheaply from

A

USA and Colombia

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27
Q

gas is a ___, ____ way of producing electricity compared to coal

A

cleaner, cheaper

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28
Q

trains switched from __ to ___ and __ in the UK leading to a decline in the use of coal

A

steam
diesel and electric

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29
Q

homes moved from heating using ___ to oil and ___

A

coal - gas

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30
Q

coal produces more __ than any other fuel

A

greenhouse gases

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31
Q

accessible oil and natural gas in the ____ ____in the UK is declining/increasing

A

North Sea - declining

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32
Q

most __energy is at sea but it is more ___ to construct them there

A

wind
expensive

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33
Q

as countries develop energy use ___

A

increases

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34
Q

give 2 reasons that as countries develop their energy use increases

A

ownership of domestic appliances (such as TVs or washing machines) and cars

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35
Q

industrialising countries have greater energy consumption due to manufacturing industries such as ____and large ____ projects

A

steel making + infrastructure (like the Sardar Sarovar dam)

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36
Q

HICs often ____ their energy use to developing countries which ____ their own energy consumption and _____ consumption in developing countries

A

export - reduces - increases

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37
Q

service industries and the ___ economy require less energy than ____

A

knowledge
manufacturing

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38
Q

what does energy poor mean

A

lacking electricity or the income to pay for it

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39
Q

energy poverty keeps ___ poor by limiting chances to attend ___

A

women
schools

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40
Q

many women and children die each year from ___ conditions caused by smoke from traditional _____

A

lung related
cooking methods - using fuelwood and dung

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41
Q

what is oil also known as

A

black gold - as it is so valuable

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42
Q

what is peak oil

A

the theoretical point at which Half the known reserves of oil in the world will have been used

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43
Q

give the 2 largest producers of oil

A

USA, saudi arabia

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44
Q

peak oil could be between __ and __ years away

A

0 to 100 (roughly) or way more

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45
Q

the 2020 collapse in oil prices was due to ___

A

a collapse in the demand for oil due to covid-19

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46
Q

___% of oil is used for transport

A

70

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47
Q

the covid pandemic massively reduced the use of oil for __ which reduced demand significantly

A

transport

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48
Q

give 3 reasons oil prices can rise

A

security issues which limit supply
conflict in gas producing countries
deliberate reduction to oil production to keep prices high

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49
Q

the price of __ and __ is connected on the global market

A

gas and oil

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50
Q

___ countries sometimes deliberately reduce oil production to keep prices high

A

OPEC

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51
Q

OPEC member states provide __ % of the world’s oil

A

40%

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52
Q

what does OPEC stand for

A

organisation of petroleum exporting countries

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53
Q

how many members of OPEC are there

A

12

54
Q

give 2 mechanisms which affect the price of oil

A

supply and demand

55
Q

during conflicts such as the war in ___ global oil supplies can be threatened but other countries can increase production to ____ prices

A

Iraq
stabilise

56
Q

oil exists in ___ rocks most commonly

A

Shale

57
Q

recently it has become ____ viable to extract oil from ___

A

commercially
Shale

58
Q

what development in technology has made it possible to extract oil from shale

A

the ability to drill horizontally

59
Q

give the alternative name for fracking

A

hydraulic fracturing

60
Q

in fracking, ___ is blasted into rock ____ under pressure

A

water
fractures

61
Q

USA exports more/less oil than it imports

A

more

62
Q

give 3 disadvantages of fracking

A

requires lots of water
water is often polluted as a result
can cause local earthquakes

63
Q

what is directional drilling

A

a drilling method that involves drilling in both horizontal and vertical directions

64
Q

the shale layer of rock is often over _____m below ground

A

3000

65
Q

water, ____ and ____ are ___ into the well at ___pressure

A

sand
chemicals
high

66
Q

____flows into cracks after being pumped into them which keeps them open so ___ from the shale can flow up and out of the well

A

sand
oil

67
Q

give 3 challenges of drilling for oil in the arctic

A

cold, fragile and remote

68
Q

give an example of an organisation that protests against oil development

A

Greenpeace

69
Q

____oil and gas prices over the last couple of decades have led to drilling in technologically challenging regions that previously would have been too _____to exploit

A

high - expensive

70
Q

give 3 things which facilitate the exploitation of oil and gas in extreme environments

A

drilling technology
seismic imaging
liquefaction

71
Q

drilling technology allows _______reserves of oil and gas to be exploited

A

deep water

72
Q

how does seismic imaging work

A

measures sound waves bounced underground to detect rock and oil and gas

73
Q

what is the liquefaction of gas

A

converting gas into a liquid

74
Q

what does the liquefaction of gas allow for

A

the transportation of gas by ship safely and economically
which allows for development of remote gas fields such as in Australia

75
Q

what does LNG stand for

A

liquefied natural gas

76
Q

lots of jobs are created in offshore gas field creation: in ___ and ___ of the rig and ____

A

construction
operation
pipeline

77
Q

the arctic region has up to ___ of the world’s remaining oil and gas

A

25%

78
Q

true or false: several countries lay claim to the Arctic

A

true

79
Q

only __ million people live in the arctic

A

4

80
Q

the arctic contains a quarter of the world’s ___ forests

A

taiga

81
Q

unconventional oil extraction is facilitated by ___oil and gas prices

A

high

82
Q

tar sands is a ____ fuel source

A

unconventional

83
Q

athabasca is in an ____ sensitive and ___ area

A

ecologically
isolated

84
Q

where is athabasca

A

In the central wetlands of Canada

85
Q

what is opencast mining

A

stripping away at surface rock to get at shale beneath

86
Q

what region of Canada is athabasca in

A

Alberta

87
Q

what is used to extract shale gas

A

fracking

88
Q

give the 2 main environmental things in Alberta

A

taiga forests and peat bogs

89
Q

mining in the Alberta region often requires large scale _____mining which destroys ___ forests and __ bogs

A

open pit
taiga
peat

90
Q

it takes __ to ___barrels of water to make one barrel of oil

A

2-5

91
Q

there has been __ pollution into the ___ river in Alberta

A

water
Athabasca

92
Q

give 3 species which have been in decline due to the development of the tar sands industry

A

caribou, lynx, wolverines

93
Q

fracking can lead to __ pollution and ___ activity

A

water
seismic

94
Q

what is a carbon footprint

A

total greenhouse gas emissions caused by a person, country, organisation, event or product

95
Q

give 2 types of emission that can be included in a carbon footprint

A

direct and indirect

96
Q

what are direct carbon footprint emission

A

burning fossil fuels for energy at home or on transport

97
Q

what is indirect carbon footprint emission

A

emissions from owning a product (through manufacturing or disposal)

98
Q

Give 2 methods for reducing energy use in the home

A

energy consumption
energy efficiency

99
Q

give 2 aspects of the UK government’s green deal

A

grants and loans

100
Q

what do loans as part of the uk green deal cover

A

home improvements to cut energy consumption

101
Q

give 2 examples of home improvements to cut energy consumption

A

wall and loft insulation

102
Q

the government grants as part of the green deal cover up to ___ of the cost of installing ____energy saving home improvements

A

2/3
2

103
Q

what is the SEG for

A

small scale low carbon electricity suppliers can sell electricity to the national grid and get the money from it

104
Q

what does SEG stand for

A

smart export guarantee

105
Q

give an example of a small scale low carbon energy generator which householders can install and then sell the energy to the national grid

A

PV solar panels

106
Q

what is the solution to an energy security crisis

A

energy diversification

107
Q

what is energy diversification

A

spreading energy resources around more types

108
Q

what is energy security

A

access to reliable and affordable sources of energy

109
Q

how does HEP work

A

dam holds back water that is fed by gravity through pipes to the turbines

110
Q

dam construction for HEP is enormously -____

A

expensive

111
Q

what are biofuels

A

fuels burned using plants and crops

112
Q

what is another name for biofuels

A

biomass

113
Q

biofuels cost more/less/the same as oil

A

the same

114
Q

what is CSP

A

concentrating solar power

115
Q

how does CSP generate electricity

A

concentrating solar energy to heat fluid and producing steam to power a generator

116
Q

how does solar photovoltaic energy work

A

converts solar energy into electricity

117
Q

____can power vehicles

A

hydrogen

118
Q

what car company produced the first mass produced and dedicated hydrogen fuel cell vehicle

A

Toyota

119
Q

what does business as usual mean for energy generation of the future

A

assumes the world will continue to rely on fossil fuels as a main source and oil and natural gas production will rise in response to demand

120
Q

what would a sustainable future look energy wise

A

lots of countries adopting renewables and rely on mixed energy supplies

121
Q

rising ___ puts pressure on the planet

A

affluence

122
Q

as people become more affluent they develop tastes for foods that have to ___ to get to them

A

travel

123
Q

what are food miles

A

how far food has to travel to get to where it is

124
Q

give 3 ways more affluent countries have cut energy usage per capita

A

using more efficient technology such as LEDs
more efficient cars which travel more miles per litre of fuel
exporting dirty polluting industries

125
Q

rising affluence also correlates with rising ___ about the environment

A

care

126
Q

what is the Kuznets Curve

A

(environmental degradation increases as development takes place) then as people develop so water and food supply cease to be priorities people realise that caring about the earth is important (this decreases environmental degradation)

127
Q

what is an ecological footprint

A

amount of land and water required to produce resources for each country

128
Q

what is ecological footprint measured in

A

global hectares (gha)

129
Q

what is sustainable development

A

that which meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

130
Q

____ of children can be a tool in climate change

A

education

131
Q

DONE! TOPIC 9 COMPLETE FROM TEXTBOOK!!

A

well done - now do more revision of something else! or write an 8 marker..or a 16 marker…and maybe have a tea as well. or go on a little run…

and remember to do the geo energy topic flashcards which are the second part of content for topic 9!!

GCSE Geography Revision (15 decks)

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