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GCSE Geography Revision > Unit 2 - Topic 4 - UK landscape Section > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Topic 4 - UK landscape Section Flashcards

1
Q

Rock types
What are the 3 main rock types?

A

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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2
Q

Rock types
What are the two main types of igneous rock?

A

Granite and basalt

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3
Q

Rock types
Volcanic igneous rock is formed from cooling ____ whereas plutonic igneous rock is formed from cooling ____

A

Lava then magma

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4
Q

Rock types
Which type of rock has smaller crystals: basalt or granite rock?

A

Basalt

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5
Q

Rock types
What type of igneous rock is basalt?

A

Volcanic

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6
Q

Rock types
What makes a type of igneous rock have small crystals?

A

Small cooling time

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7
Q

Rock types
True or false: igneous rock is very resistant

A

True

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8
Q

Rock types
How is igneous rock formed?

A

Formed from cooling lava (volcanic) or magma (plutonic) which crystallises and makes rocks

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9
Q

Rock types
How is sedimentary rock made?

A

Deposited and compacted sediment

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10
Q

Rock types
What three stages take place to break up igneous rock and form compacted layers of sediment?

A

Weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition

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11
Q

Rock types
What type of sedimentary rock is formed from compacted sand?

A

Sandstone

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12
Q

Rock types
What type of sedimentary rock is formed from compacted sandstone?

A

Millstone grit

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13
Q

Rock types
What type of sedimentary rock is formed from compacted mud?

A

Clay

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14
Q

Rock types
What type of sedimentary rock is formed from 1 stage of compacted clay?

A

Shale

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15
Q

Rock types
What type of metamorphic rock is formed from compacted shale

A

Slate

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16
Q

Rock types
True or false: neither sandstone or millstone grit are resistant

A

False: they are both very resistant - millstone grit is more resistant

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17
Q

Rock types
When sandstone is younger (<100 million years old) it is ___ resistant whereas when it is older (>300 million years old) it is ___ resistant

A

Less then more

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18
Q

Rock types
Clay is _____ whereas shale is ____ but then slate is _____
Choose words from: brittle/harder, crumbly/weak, very resistant

A

Crumbly/weak, brittle/harder, very resistant

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19
Q

Rock types
What type of rock is schist?

A

Metamorphic

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20
Q

Rock types
How is metamorphic rock formed?

A

Sedimentary rock under pressure and heat

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21
Q

Rock types
What is chalk formed from?

A

Compacted oceanic organic matter

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22
Q

Rock types
Chalk has ____ resistance than clay
More/less

A

More

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23
Q

Rock types
What is Carboniferous limestone formed from?

A

Crystallised coral, fossils and rock fragments (using calcium carbonate)

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24
Q

Rock types
Which properties does Carboniferous limestone have:
Layers called bedding planes
Resistant
Porous/permeable

A

All of them

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25
Q

Rock types
What is marble (metamorphic) rock formed from?

A

Limestone

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26
Q

Rock types
True or false: chalk is young limestone

A

True

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27
Q

Rock types
State the rock types in this order of rock creation
Clay
Shale
Slate
Schist

A

Sedimentary then metamorphic (slate and schist)

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28
Q

Rock types
Select the rock types in this order of rock creation
Sandstone
Millstone grit
Chalk
Carboniferous limestone
Marble

A

Sedimentary then marble is metamorphic

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29
Q

Rock types
What is the distribution of igneous rock across the UK

A

Sparse clusters

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30
Q

Rock types
What is the distribution of sedimentary rock in the UK

A

Found south east of the tees exe line

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31
Q

Rock types
What is the distribution of metamorphic in the UK?

A

Found in Northern Ireland and Scotland

32
Q

Rock types
True or false: wales has allot of Carboniferous limestone

33
Q

Rock types
What does the tees exe line separate

A

Older vs younger, sedimentary vs other rocks, and highland vs lowland

34
Q

Rock types
Where does the Tees Exe run between?

A

River Tees in Newcastle and river Exe in Devon

35
Q

Rock types
Where are the fens?

A

South east England

36
Q

Rock types
What word describes the pattern of rock distribution in the UK

A

Strata / linear pattern

37
Q

Rock types
What is geology?

A

The study of the structure of the earth, it’s history and rocks

38
Q

Rock types
What are two ways in which geology influences relief?
________ sedimentary makes lowland
_____ sedimentary and _____ make upland as they are ____ resistant

A

Younger
Older
Metamorphic
More

39
Q

Rock types
What is relief?

A

The way landscape changes with height

40
Q

Rock types
What is topography?

A

The shape of the land

41
Q

Rock types
What is a plateau

A

An area of flat upland

42
Q

Rock types
What is upland vs lowland?

A

High above sea level vs low (close to sea level)

43
Q

Rock types
What are rock strata

A

Layers/lines of rock

44
Q

Rock types
What is a landscape ?

A

An area of land with particular shapes and features (can be viewed at one point)

45
Q

Rock types
What is a landform?

A

A distinct natural feature of land shaped by natural processes

46
Q

Rock types
What is the relationship between topography and geology

A

Less resistant rocks are flat as weather and erosion occur and prevent distinct shapes being formed

47
Q

Glaciation
What is an ice age?

A

Period of colder climates where ice forms on land

48
Q

Glaciation
What is the term for periods between glacial periods

A

Interglacial periods

49
Q

Glaciation
What was the most recent ice age?

A

Pleistocene - 2 million years ago

50
Q

Glaciation
What is the concept of paleomagnetism?

A

Magnetism of the rock is frozen into it

51
Q

Glaciation
What is the concept of paleomagnetism used to do?

A

Radiation can detect and date rocks

52
Q

Glaciation
True or false: London didn’t have ice reach it

53
Q

Glaciation
What is an arête?

A

Two back to back corries

54
Q

Glaciation
What is a hanging valley?

A

Smaller glaciers erode valley less than main glaciers - waterfalls often from around here

55
Q

Glaciation
What are the three stages of corrie formation?

A

Snow accumulates
Plucking steepens - vertical erosion + rotational slip + abrasion
Slope breaks more and deepens wall with lateral erosion (freeze thaw weathering) - makes bowl shape

56
Q

Glaciation
What is a ribbon lake?

A

Glaciers move over hard then soft rock, eroding soft rock easily and creating space for a ribbon lake

57
Q

Glaciation
How is a u shaped valley made?

A

Glaciers widen and steepen valleys with lateral and vertical erosion

58
Q

Glaciation
What is a process?

A

Something that shapes a feature

59
Q

Glaciation
What is a feature?

A

Naturally occurring aspect of the land shaped by a feature

60
Q

Glaciation
What is an erratic?

A

Plucking moves large rocks through transportation down valley and then deposition

61
Q

Glaciation
What is a pyramidal peak?

A

Formed when 3 or more corries meet

62
Q

Glaciation
What is freeze thaw weathering?

A

Freshwater enters cracks in rock, freezes, expands by 10% then breaks rock

63
Q

Glaciation
What type of erosion (vertical or lateral) is plucking?

64
Q

Glaciation
What is plucking?

A

Ice freezes around rocks, as glacier moves it pulls rocks with it

65
Q

Glaciation
What is abrasion?

A

Plucked rocks scrape against each other and mark the land

66
Q

Glaciation
What type of erosion is abrasion (vertical or lateral erosion)?

A

Vertical mainly - might need checking

67
Q

Glaciation
What is transportation?

A

The glacier carries stuff as rocks fall on it or trapped under or frozen into it

68
Q

Glaciation
What is deposition?

A

A glacier melts and all the material (glacial till) is left on the valley floor

69
Q

Glaciation
What is the material that the glacier holds called?

A

Glacial till

70
Q

Glaciation
What does glacial melting create?

A

Glacier melts at lower altitudes and feeds river or lake

71
Q

Glaciation
What are the main weathering processes in the Lake District?

A

Freeze thaw weathering (physical) chemical weathering

72
Q

Glaciation
What is continental drift?

A

When continents move

73
Q

Glaciation
The UK used to be much closer to a plate boundary due to continental drift - what 3 things did this cause

A
  1. Active volcano ->igneous rock
  2. Heat and pressure from colliding plates ->metamorphic rock
  3. Plate collisions at convergent plate boundaries -> folded rock
74
Q

Glaciation
What feature is found at Malham Cove?

A

Limestone pavement

75
Q

Glaciation
How was the limestone pavement at Malham cove formed?

A

Plates compress rock, push it up
Cracks in pavement form

76
Q

UK Landscape
What are three mountain ranges of high relief in UK?

A

Pennines(Cumbria), Grampians (Scotland), Cambrians (Wales)

GCSE Geography Revision (15 decks)

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