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GCSE Geography Revision > Topic 4 - Specification > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Specification Flashcards

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1
Q

give an example of an upland area in Scotland

A

grampians

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2
Q

what is the highest mountain in the UK

A

Ben Nevis

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3
Q

are the Grampians densely or sparsely populated

A

sparse

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4
Q

where do upland areas tend to be in the UK

A

north and west

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5
Q

where do lowland areas tend to be in country

A

south and east

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6
Q

what is the Cheshire plain mainly used for and is it lowland or upland

A

lowland - dairy farming

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7
Q

lowland Cheshire plains are very ___

A

fertile

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8
Q

what were the Cheshire plains formed by

A

deposition of material eroded by glaciers

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9
Q

snowdonia is a ___upland with rock from ___

A

glaciated
extinct volcanoes

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10
Q

snowdonia contains ___valleys

A

glaciated

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11
Q

the weald is a wide __between the ____hills of the ___

A

valley
parallel
downs

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12
Q

the weald used to be covered in ___but is now mainly ___

A

forest
agricultural

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13
Q

what is igneous formed by and give an example and state a characteristic

A

hard - magma cools and hardens and leaves crystals
granite

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14
Q

how is sediment formed and give 3 examples

A

layers of sediment are compacted
Carboniferous limestone, shale, clay, chalk

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15
Q

what are carboniferous limestone and chalk formed by

A

Dead Sea creatures’ skeletons and shells

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16
Q

which is harder limestone or chalk

A

limestone

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17
Q

what are clay and shale formed from

A

mud and clay minerals

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18
Q

clay and shale are ___(property)

A

soft

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19
Q

what are metamorphic rocks formed by

A

other rocks changing under heat and pressure

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20
Q

metamorphic rocks are the ___(property) versions of other rocks after heat and pressure

A

harder

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21
Q

give 2 examples of metamorphic rock and what rock they are formed from

A

shale compacted to make slate (metamorphic)
which is then compacted to make schist(metamorphic)

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22
Q

how have active volcanoes shape the UK landscape

A

created upland areas
as we used to be. much closer to the plate boundary 520 million years ago
and active volcanoes spewed lava which cooled to form igneous rock

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23
Q

give 2 ways in which plate collisions influenced the UK landscape

A

the plates folded and uplifted creating mountain ranges like the grampians and lake district pennines
intense heat and pressure formed metamorphic rocks in Scotland and Northern Ireland

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24
Q

give 2 ways plate movements influenced the UK landscape

A

created carboniferous limestone deposits in the southwest of England and south Wales and Peak District
as we used to be much closer to the tropics and we were partially underwater and so sea creatures lived and died forming the rock - upland areas
these shallow seas and swamps also formed chalk and clay - lowland areas in southern England
(245-280 million years ago)

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25
Q

give 2 metamorphic rocks that form upland landscapes and describe 2 features of the upland landscapes they form and why

A

slate and schist
rugged land - as resistant/hard + easily split into thin slabs(slate) and small flakes(schist)
waterlogged/acidic soils - as impermeable

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26
Q

why is slate and schist hard and resistant but easily split into thin layers/small flakes(do each separately)

A

slate - it is formed in layers creating weak planes in the rock -
schist - it has bigger crystals, and formed of slate which has layers and splits into small flakes

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27
Q

which is harder - chalk or clay

A

chalk

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28
Q

give 2 things in lowlands that chalk forms

A

escarpments and cliffs

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29
Q

in chalk landscapes one side of the hill is more__and the other is more ___

A

steep, gentle

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30
Q

what feature can chalk rock lead to and why in Lowland landscapes to do with water

A

springs - as it is permeable and water flows through then when meets impermeable rock it becomes a spring

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31
Q

clay is very __and easily ___ and therefore what does it form (landscape type)

A

wide flat valleys - soft, eroded

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32
Q

clay is ___and for that reason water flows over the ___and forms what 3 things

A

impermeable
surface
lakes, rivers, streams

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33
Q

what type of landscape does granite form

A

upland

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34
Q

why does granite form upland landscape

A

it is very resistant

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35
Q

what feature is formed in upland landscapes due to granite rock and why

A

tors
granite has lots of unevenly spread joints which mean areas with more joints are weathered more quickly so some parts stick out (tors)

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36
Q

granite is ___so this creates __. describe the feature they create

A

impermeable
moorlands
waterlogged land, acidic soil, low growing vegetation

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37
Q

give a feature created using rain with limestone rocks and explain its creation

A

limestone pavements (and caverns and gorges)
in the joints the rain perfumes carbonation weathering which leads to flat areas with deep cracks

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38
Q

as limestone is ___(water thing) it creates what 2 features

A

resurgent rivers
dry valleys

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39
Q

what are resurgent rivers, why do they happen and with what type of rock

A

limestone - when limestone with water running through at the surface meets impermeable rock underneath

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40
Q

where did ice come up to in the last ice age (name some areas it covered as well)

A

as far as the bristol channel
Scotland, northern England, Wales, Northern Ireland

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41
Q

how did ice affect upland area such as the __and what features did it form

A

Lake District
eroded
u shaped valleys

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42
Q

large parts of ____are covered by till deposited by what

A

eastern England
melting glaciers

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43
Q

what is till

A

clay, sank and rock

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44
Q

when do glaciers deposit lots of material

A

when they melt

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45
Q

how did glacial meltwater and deposits affect the lowland landscape of the UK

A

deposited till

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46
Q

give 4 physical processes which alter the landscape

A

weathering
erosion
post glacial river processes
slope processes

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47
Q

give the 3 types of weathering

A

mechanical
chemical
biological

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48
Q

what is weathering

A

breaking down rock into smaller pieces

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49
Q

what is erosion

A

wearing something away and removing it

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50
Q

give 3 things that can erode the landscape (one in past, 2 now)

A

glaciers (ice)
river
sea

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51
Q

give 2 ways post glacial processes affected the UK landscape

A

melting glaciers added power to rivers - eroded the landscape
melting glaciers left landforms like hanging valleys when melted

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52
Q

give. 4 types of mass movement (under the branch of slope process)

A

rockfall, slides, slumping, soil creep

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53
Q

give 2 examples of how climate can affect physical processes

A

cold climate makes freeze thaw weathering more likely
wet climate makes erosion by rivers more likely

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54
Q

how can a form of weathering + glacial processes + slope processes form a thing and give names/examples

A

freeze thaw weathering on the back wall of the corrie (a basin hollowed out by glaciers)
breaks up rocks and makes ROCK FALLS
which form __scree slopes__

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55
Q

give an example of a tarn formed in a corrie which was hollowed out by ice

A

Llyn Idwal

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56
Q

what is a u shaped valley created by, describe it and give one thing that could be found in it

A

eroded by ice
flat floor and steep sides
misfit river (too small to have created the u shaped valley

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57
Q

give 1 climatic and 1 geological reason there are lots of streams in snowdonia and describe what they form (a landform)

A

lots of rain, impermeable rocks
gullies in corries as they erode them

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58
Q

the downs are __ (rock)____(feature/landform) and the weald is a ___(rock) _____(description of landscape)

A

chalk escarpments
clay - large flat area

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59
Q

the weald is hilly/flat

A

flat

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60
Q

give one river process acting in the weald and an example of the river

A

river Arun
meanders over the impermeable clay
and widens valley floor

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61
Q

give one way the climate of the UK influences the weald lowland landscape

A

very wet
floods rivers
deposits silt
forming flood plains

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62
Q

how were dry valleys formed

A

glacial period
cold = freeze thaw weathering
glacial snow melt leads to streams with much more water
erodes valleys (now dry as water flows through the permeable chalk

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63
Q

give 1 way farming has influenced landscape to do with forest

A

forest cleared for space for farming

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64
Q

give 1 way land ownership/farming has influenced the landscape

A

hedgerows and walls mark out fields

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65
Q

give 3 different types of farming (suited for different landscapes)

A

arable
dairy
sheep

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66
Q

what type of landscape is good for arable farming and an example

A

flat land with good soil
east England d

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67
Q

what is arable farming

A

growing crops

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68
Q

what type of area is needed for dairy farming

A

warm and wet with large, grassy fields

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69
Q

give an example of an area in England used for diary farming due to good landscape and climate for it

A

south West England

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70
Q

where does sheep farming take place? how has it changed the landscape

A

harsher upland conditions
decreased trees on hills as young trees are eaten/tramples before they mature

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71
Q

give 3 uses of woodland

A

timber recreation conservation

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72
Q

there is lots of/very little natural woodland left in the UK

A

very little

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73
Q

what type of forests gave been planted for timber what shape

A

coniferous (evergreen) forests
straight lines

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74
Q

how has people wanting to return the land to its natural state affected woodland distribution and type

A

deciduous forests planted

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75
Q

give 4 factors which can influence where settlements were originally developed

A

water supply
shelter from wind and rain
bridging points over rivers
availability of resources (wood)
(Also how easily defended)

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76
Q

give 3 ways the formation of urban settlements has influenced the landscapes

A

land concreted over for roads and buildings
rivers diverted into underground channels
rivers straightened/embankments made

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77
Q

what has concreting land affected

A

drainage patterns

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78
Q

what is mechanical weathering

A

breakdown of rock without. affecting chemical composition

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79
Q

what type of mechanical weathering affects coasts

A

salt weathering

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80
Q

how does salt weathering work

A

seawater gets in cracks
water evaporates depositing salt crystals
expansion
pressure on rock
widens it and breaks it up

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81
Q

what is chemical weathering

A

breakdown of rock by changing chemical composition

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82
Q

what conditions does carbonation weathering take place in and what type of weathering is it

A

warm and wet - chemical

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83
Q

how does carbonation weathering work

A

sea/rainwater has dissolved co2
makes weak carbonic acid
the carbonic acid reacts with rock which contains calcium carbonate (such as carboniferous limestone)
dissolves rocks

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84
Q

what is in rocks which reacts with carbonic acid in rain

A

calcium carbonate

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85
Q

what is biological weathering

A

breakdown of rock by living things

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86
Q

give an example of biological weathering

A

plant roots pushing rock apart by getting into cracks - breaks it down

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87
Q

what is mass movement

A

shifting of rock and loose material down a slope due to gravity

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88
Q

what does mass movement cause on the coasts

A

rapid coastal retreat

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89
Q

give the 3 types of mass movement

A

slides
slumps
rockfalls

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90
Q

what are slides

A

material shifts ina. straight line

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91
Q

what are slumps

A

material shifts with a rotation

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92
Q

what is a rockfall

A

material breaks up and falls down a slope

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93
Q

what makes mass movement more likely (2 reasons)

A

material being full of water - makes it heavy and lubricates it

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94
Q

what is a rockfall

A

material breaks up and falls down the slope

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95
Q

give 3 ways waves erode the coast (3 types of coastal erosion)

A

hydraulic power
abrasion
attrition

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96
Q

how does hydraulic power work

A

waves compress air inside cracks in rock
pressures rocks
as this repeats repeated compression widens cracks
makes bits of rock break off

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97
Q

what is abrasion

A

eroded particles in water scrape and rub against rock - removing small pieces

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98
Q

what is attrition

A

particles in water smash into each other
break into smaller fragments
and edges are rounded off

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99
Q

__rocks are more __to erosion so It takes longer to be ___by coastal processes

A

hard
resistant
eroded

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100
Q

what are joints and faults

A

cracks and weaknesses in rock

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101
Q

rocks with lots of __and__erode faster

A

joints and faults

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102
Q

what is a discordant coastline

A

coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock at right angles to the coast

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103
Q

what is a concordant coastline

A

alternating bands of hard and soft rock parallel to the coast

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104
Q

give 2 landforms more common on discordant coastlines

A

bays and headlands - as the bands of rock are eroded at different rates

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105
Q

concordant coastlines have fewer __as they erode at same rate

A

erosional landforms

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106
Q

differences in __-can impact coastal processes and vary with the seasons

A

temperature

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107
Q

give an example of temperature affecting coastal erosion

A

mild/warm temperatures increases rate of salt weathering as the water evaporates faster

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108
Q

more __in winter leads to ___winds leads to more __energy, ___waves which ___erosion of the cliffs

A

storms
stronger
high energy
destructive
increase

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109
Q

describe how high rainfall in storms in winter (climate influencing coastal erosion) increases coastal erosion

A

makes cliffs saturated and makes mass movement more likely

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110
Q

how does the prevailing wind in the UK (name it) affect coastal erosion

A

warm south westerlies - makes the south coast more exposed to the winds and storms they bring from the Atlantic Ocean

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111
Q

what kind of winds are common on the east coast of the UK

A

cold northerly winds

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112
Q

what are waves that erode called

A

destructive waves

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113
Q

give 3 characteristics of destructive waves

A

high
steep
high frequency (10-14 per minute)

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114
Q

the ___in a destructive wave is more powerful than the ___

A

backwash
swash

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115
Q

what is backwash

A

the movement of water back down the beach

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116
Q

what is swash

A

the movement of water up the beach

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117
Q

storms increase the ___power of destructive waves leading to an increased rate of ___retreat

A

destructive
coastal

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118
Q

where do waves cause most erosion in a cliff

A

at the foot

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119
Q

what is formed at the foot of a cliff due to erosion

A

a wave cut notch

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120
Q

the rock above a wave cut notch becomes __and eventually ___

A

unstable
collapses

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121
Q

explain how a cliff retreats and what form does it lead to

A

wave cut notch is created then enlarged until the rock above collapses and is washed away and a new one is created and the process repeats
leaves a wave cut platform behind

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122
Q

hard rock cliffs tend to be more ___ and soft rock ones more ___

A

vertical
sloping

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123
Q

soft rocks/rocks with lots of __have a low resistance to ___

A

joints
erosion

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124
Q

hard rocks with a ___structure have a high resistance to ___

A

solid
erosion

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125
Q

rock that is eroded quickly forms a ___with a gentle slope

A

bay

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126
Q

resistant rock is eroded more slowly and is left ____making a ___with __sides

A

jutting out
headland
steep

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127
Q

what are headlands made of

A

resistant rocks with weaknesses (like cracks)

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128
Q

repeated erosion by ___power and ___enlarges the cracks in the headland causing a ___to form

A

hydraulic
abrasion
cave

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129
Q

what forms after further erosion to a cave

A

an arch

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130
Q

give an example of an arch

A

Durdle door in Dorset

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131
Q

after an arch collapses due to erosion what is created

A

a stack

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132
Q

what is a stack

A

an isolated rock separate from the headland

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133
Q

give an example of a stack

A

old harry in Dorset

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134
Q

what is transportation

A

movement of material

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135
Q

how is material transported along coasts

A

longshore drift

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136
Q

waves follow the direction of what

A

the prevailing wind

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137
Q

what Angle to waves hit the coast at

A

an oblique angle (not a right angle)

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138
Q

the swash carries material up the beach in the same/different direction as waves

A

same

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139
Q

the backwash carries the material at __angle to the coast

A

right

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140
Q

the movement of longshore drift is a _____

A

zig zag

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141
Q

What do constructive waves do with material

A

deposit it

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142
Q

what is deposition

A

material carried by seawater dropped on the coast

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143
Q

when does deposition by waves occur

A

when water slows down and isn’t moving fast enough to carry all its sediment

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144
Q

what are constructive waves

A

waves that deposit more material than they erode

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145
Q

give 3 characteristics of constructive waves

A

low
long
low frequency (6-8 per minute)

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146
Q

the __is greater than the __in constructive waves

A

swash
backwash

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147
Q

what 2 things can constructive waves deposit and what does this form

A

sand and shingle
beaches

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148
Q

give 2 coastal landforms caused by deposition

A

spits
bars

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149
Q

where do spits form

A

at sharp bends in the coastline

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150
Q

give an example of a sharp bend in the coastline

A

a river mouth

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151
Q

what transports sand and shingle past the sharp bend in the coast and where is it deposited

A

longshore drift
the sea

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152
Q

strong __and ___can curve the end of a spit and what is this called

A

wind and wave
recurved end

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153
Q

what is the area behind the spit protected form and therefore what happens there

A

waves
material accumulated and plants grow there

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154
Q

give 2 things that the sheltered area behind a spit can form

A

a mud flat or salt marsh

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155
Q

what is a bar

A

when a spit joins two headlands

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156
Q

what forms behind the bar

A

a lagoon (as cut off from sea)

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157
Q

what do stacks look like on a map

A

little blobs in sea (caves and arches can’t be seen due to rocks above them)

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158
Q

what are cliffs shown as on maps

A

little black lines

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159
Q

what are wave cut platforms shown as on the coast

A

bumpy edges

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160
Q

what are shingle beaches on a map

A

white or yellow with speckles

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161
Q

what are indirect effects of human activity

A

the result of direct affects

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162
Q

give 4 ways human activity is impacting the coast

A

agriculture
development
industry
coastal management

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163
Q

how can using land for agriculture lead to more erosion

A

the land has low economic value
so is often left unprotected

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164
Q

give 2 ways vegetation on coasts due to agriculture can change the stability of cliffs

A

more vegetation for grazing land binds soil and stabilises clifftops
clearing it for arable farming can expose soil and make it vulnerable to weathering by wind and rain

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165
Q

how can marshland and its agricultural uses affect coastal erosion

A

it is sometimes reclaimed and drained for agricultural use which reduces the flood barrier it provides

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166
Q

coastal areas are never/often developed

A

often - as they are popular places to live and work

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167
Q

more settlement leads to more ____(positive effect on coastline) and why

A

coastal defences
to protect homes and businesses

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168
Q

what is an indirect effect of development on the coast

A

changes transportation and deposition of material
restricting sediment supply
makes them narrower
more vulnerable to erosion

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169
Q

how can quarries (as part of industry) affect coastal weathering

A

expose large areas of rock - makes more vulnerable to weathering and erosion

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170
Q

how has the construction industry affected coastal erosion

A

gravel extracted from some beaches
to make concrete
removes material from the coast and increases risk of erosion

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171
Q

how do ports (as a result of industrial growth) affect coastal erosion

A

increase building on salt marshes (flat and sheltered ideal for ports)
salt marshes are natural flood barriers
so building makes land more vulnerable to erosion

172
Q

salt marshes are natural __ ___

A

flood barriers

173
Q

what is coastal management

A

protecting coastal landscapes from erosion

174
Q

what is an indirect effect of coastal management

A

alters sediment movement
reduces protective beach material further along
increasing erosion there

175
Q

how do coastal defences directly affect erosion

A

reduce it
preventing landscape from changing (retreating)

176
Q

where is the holderness coastline

A

east coast

177
Q

how much land in the holderness coast is lost each year

A

1.8 m ( in come places such as great Cowden it is over 10m per year)

178
Q

the holderness coast has one of the highest/lowest rates of erosion in Europe

A

highest

179
Q

how long is the holderness coastline

A

61km

180
Q

where does the holderness coastline stretch from and to

A

flamborough head (headland) and spurn head(spit)

181
Q

in great Bowden what is the rate of erosion

A

10 m per year

182
Q

what are the cliffs on the holderness coastline made of

A

boulder clay

183
Q

boulder clay is easily ____and is likely to ___when wet

A

eroded
slump

184
Q

beaches on the holderness coastline are ___

A

narrow

185
Q

where do waves that hit the holderness coastline come from

A

north east
Norwegian Sea

186
Q

why are the waves in the holderness coast so erosive

A

they travel a long distance and increase in power

187
Q

over __km of the holderness coastline is protected by what

A

11
hard engineering strategies

188
Q

what is the population of hornsea

A

over 8 000

189
Q

what is the population of withernsea

A

over 6000

190
Q

give an example of important infrastructure along the holderness coast (transport)

A

B1242 road

191
Q

give an example of an important piece of infrastructure on the holderness coastline

A

gas terminal at easing ton

192
Q

what % of gas does the terminal at easing ton supply and where is it

A

25 and its right on the edge of the cliff

193
Q

what coastal defences have been made at mAppleton

A

groynes

194
Q

there are __and a __at Hornsea and withernsea

A

groynes
sea wall

195
Q

give an example of how groins are causing indirect problems for coastal erosion

A

they narrow beaches further down coast - great Cowden - from the groins (at Appleton)

196
Q

what is the direction of longshore drift in the holderness coast

A

south

197
Q

how does stopping erosion of material further up the coast affect areas further down the coast with respect to flooding (specific example)

A

material eroded and usually transported down the Lincolnshire coast to the humber estuary however with less of it there is increased risk of flooding in the humber estuary
as less material to slow the floodwater down

198
Q

coastal retreat on the Lincolnshire coast has increased/decreased and why

A

less new material added (as less erosion) - so increased

199
Q

what is at risk of being eroded away and why

A

spurn head
as less material is added to it

200
Q

protected areas of the holderness coast are becoming what

A

headlands

201
Q

the areas protected are becoming more expensive to maintain on the holderness coast - why?

A

they are becoming headlands
being eroded more heavily

202
Q

give 2 things due to climate change that are making coastal flooding more likely

A

increased storm frequency
rising sea levels

203
Q

what areas does rising sea levels pose a threat to

A

low lying areas/ coastal areas

204
Q

how could increasing sea levels lead to flooding

A

higher tides
coastal floods more frequent

205
Q

how could rising sea levels lead to more erosion

A

higher tides removes more sediment
less material to protect from sea - narrower beaches

206
Q

how can storms frequency increasing, increase coastal erosion

A

give sea more erosional power
hard rock areas more vulnerable
soft rock eroded faster

207
Q

how does increasing frequency of storms affect transportation of material and hence erosion on coasts

A

more energy to transport material as
high energy waves can move material greater distances
so some areas starved of material
makes these areas vulnerable to erosion and flooding

208
Q

what could become more frequent as storms become more frequent combined with sea level rise

A

storm surges

209
Q

how can climate change/coastal erosion threaten people in terms of habitation

A

permanent flooding could destroy some habitations

210
Q

how could coastal erosion threaten industry

A

coastal industries shut down due to damage to buildings and equipment like fishing boats

211
Q

give an example of a threat to infrastructure from coastal erosion

A

roads and rail affected such as in Dawlish when storms affected parts of the track

212
Q

how can coastal erosion threaten businesses on coasts

A

puts people off visiting (stops tourism) - threatens nearby businesses who rely on the industry - loss of livelihoods

213
Q

how could ecosystem organisms on coast be threatened by coastal erosion/flooding

A

Seawater has a high salt content
can kill organisms

214
Q

how could coastal flooding threaten agriculture

A

high salt water content sea water
can decrease soil fertility

215
Q

how can coastal flooding damage plants

A

force of floodwater
uproots trees and plans
and can drown them if left standing

216
Q

give an example of how coastal flooding can threaten conservation areas

A

lagoon can be conserved
then bar eroded
destroying bar

217
Q

what is hard engineering

A

man made structures to control the sea, reduce flooding and erosion

218
Q

what is soft engineering

A

scheme using natural processes and knowledge to reduce effects of flooding and erosion

219
Q

give 2 examples of hard engineering

A

sea wall
Groynes

220
Q

give 3 examples of soft engineering

A

beach replenishment
slope stabilisation
strategic realignment

221
Q

what is sea wall

A

concrete wall that reflects waves

222
Q

what are 2 benefits of sea walls

A

prevents erosion and flooding

223
Q

give 2 disadvantages of sea walls

A

Creates strong backwash
which erodes under the wall
very expensive to build and maintain

224
Q

what are groynes

A

wooden/stone fences at right angles to the coast
to trap material transported by longshore drift

225
Q

what are 2 advantages of groynes

A

create wide beaches
slowing waves
protecting against erosion and flooding
cheap

226
Q

give 1 disadvantage of groynes

A

starve beaches further down coast
making them narrower
and increasing erosion there

227
Q

what is beach replenishment

A

sand and shingle added to upper part of beach

228
Q

where can the material for beach replenishment be found

A

lower down beach or seabed

229
Q

give 2 benefits of beach replenishment

A

reduces flooding and erosion
as makes wider beaches (which slow waves/absorb wave energy)

230
Q

give 3 disadvantages of beach replenishment

A

can kill organisms (as taking material from the seabed)
very expensive
has to be repeated

231
Q

what is slope stabilisation

A

reinforce slopes by adding concrete nails and metal netting

232
Q

give 1 benefit of slope stabilisation

A

prevents mass movement by increasing strength of slope

233
Q

give 2 disadvantages of slope stabilisation

A

very expensive
can be difficult to install

234
Q

what is strategic realignment

A

removing existing defences and allow land behind to flood

235
Q

what are 2 benefits of strategic realignment

A

land becomes marshland - new habitats
flooding and erosion reduced behind it

236
Q

give 1 disadvantage of strategic realignment

A

disagreements about what should be flooded (farming would affect farmers’ livelihoods)

237
Q

give 1 benefit of the do nothing approach

A

its free

238
Q

give 2 disadvantages of the do nothing approach

A

infrastructure and businesses and homes lost + people move away

239
Q

what does sustainable coastal management mean

A

controlling erosion and flooding without problems elsewhere or affecting inhabitants

240
Q

management strategies have to be cheap - why?

A

to avoid conflicts about the spending of public money

241
Q

what does ICZM mean

A

integrated coastal zone management

242
Q

what does the ICZM do

A

protects the coasts while taking people’s interests into account

243
Q

ICZM is a short/long term approach that can be adapted to ___needs and is ___

A

future
sustainable
long

244
Q

what is the course of a river

A

the path as it flows downhill

245
Q

what are the 3 courses of a river

A

upper middle and lower

246
Q

what is the lower course close to

A

the mouth of the river

247
Q

what do rivers form as they flow downhill (2)

A

channels and valleys

248
Q

give 3 things that river do

A

erode transport deposit

249
Q

what changes the shape of the valley and channel

A

whether erosion or deposition is the dominant process

250
Q

what is the long profile of a river

A

how gradient changes over the courses

251
Q

what is the cross profile of the river

A

what the cross section looks like

252
Q

where is the source of a river usually

A

in an upland areas

253
Q

what is the gradient in the upper course of the river long profile

A

steep

254
Q

what is the gradient in the middle Course of river

A

medium

255
Q

what is gradient in lower Course of river

A

gentle

256
Q

what type of valley is at the upper course of the river

A

v shaped valley with steep sides

257
Q

what type of valley is in the middle course

A

gently sloping valley sides

258
Q

what type of valley is the lower course

A

very wide and almost flat

259
Q

what is the channel like in the upper course

A

narrow and shallow

260
Q

what is the channel like in the middle course

A

wider and deeper

261
Q

what is the channel like in the lower course

A

very wide, deep

262
Q

what are the two directional types of erosion

A

vertical or lateral

263
Q

what type of erosion dominates to create a v shaped valley at the __course

A

vertical
upper

264
Q

how does vertical erosion happen in upper course

A

high turbulence
scraped the rough and angular particulates
along the river bed
causing downwards erosion (intense)

265
Q

what type of erosion widens river valley

A

lateral

266
Q

where is lateral erosion dominant

A

middle and lower courses
(forming meanders)

267
Q

where is the river eden

A

north west England

268
Q

where does the river eden run between

A

Lake District and pennines

269
Q

how long is the river eden

A

145 km

270
Q

where. is the source of the river eden

A

pennine hills south cumbria

271
Q

where is the mouth of the river eden

A

solway firth - Scottish border

272
Q

give an example of a place on the lower course of the river eden

A

Carlisle

273
Q

how many m above sea level is the source of the river eden

A

600m

274
Q

what type of rock area is the source of the river eden found in

A

hard, resistant rock area

275
Q

what is the discharge like at the upper course of the river eden

A

low

276
Q

what is the velocity like at the upper course of the river eden - why?

A

low - friction from the rough channel sides and bed

277
Q

what are the stones in the river like in the river eden

A

large and angular

278
Q

what are the middle parts of the river eden basin made from

A

sandstone

279
Q

sandstone is ___and easily ___which means the river creates a ___valley due to more ___erosion

A

soft
eroded
wide
lateral

280
Q

discharge increases in the middle course - why

A

more tributaries join the main river

281
Q

what is the river’s sediment load like in the middle course of the river and why

A

smaller and more rounded as erosion continues

282
Q

in the lower course of the river what is the valley like

A

very wide and flat

283
Q

when the eden reaches carlisle how far is it above sea level

A

only a few metres

284
Q

what is the river’s velocity at the lower course and why

A

high
little friction with smooth sides

285
Q

what is the discharge of the river eden in the lower course and why

A

high
meets two other river (Caldew and Petteril)

286
Q

what is the river channel like in the river eden lower course

A

wide and deep - more than 50m wide

287
Q

what is the sediment load of the river like at the lower course of the river eden

A

well rounded and fine - carried by suspension or solution

288
Q

how does freeze thaw weathering work and what type of weathering is it

A

mechanical
water gets into cracks in rock (granite for example which has cracks)
water freezes and expands
pressures rock
thaws and contracts releasing pressure
repetition of this process breaks up rock

289
Q

give 4 erosional processes in river channels

A

hydraulic action
attrition
abrasion
solution

290
Q

most erosion in the river happens by ___

A

abrasion

291
Q

what is attrition and why does it change the particle size of sediment carried by a river

A

rocks picked up by river and smashed into each other and break into smaller fragments
edges become rounded offs they rub together

292
Q

what is solution

A

when water dissolves some types of rock

293
Q

give examples (2) of types of rock that are dissolved by the river

A

chalk and limestone

294
Q

give the 4 transportation processes

A

traction
suspension
saltation
solution

295
Q

what is traction

A

large particles (boulders) pushed by force of water along river bed

296
Q

what is suspension

A

small particles carried along by water

297
Q

give examples of particles carried by suspension

A

silt and clay

298
Q

what is saltation

A

pebble sized particles bounced along river bed by the force of the water

299
Q

what is solution

A

soluble materials dissolve in water and carried

300
Q

give the order of biggest to smallest materials transported by each of the transportation processes

A

traction
saltation
suspension
solution

301
Q

what is deposition

A

when a river drops eroded material

302
Q

when does deposition happen in a river

A

when it slows down

303
Q

give 4 reasons a river deposits stuff

A

water volume falls
amount of eroded material increases
water is shallower(eg on side of a bend)
river reaches the mouth

304
Q

give 2 landforms found in the upper course of the river

A

waterfalls and gorges

305
Q

where do waterfalls form

A

when a river flows over an area of hard rock followed by soft rock

306
Q

the softer rock is eroded by __and __more than the harder rock which creates a __in the river (waterfall formation_

A

hydraulic action
abrasion
step

307
Q

after a step what is created through more downwards erosion

A

a steep drop

308
Q

what happens to hard rock eventually after a waterfall is formed

A

it is undercut by erosion
becomes unsupported
and collapses

309
Q

how is a plunge pool created after hard rock is undercut

A

collapsed rocks erode softer rock by abrasion at the foot of the waterfall

310
Q

after repeated undercutting and collapsing the waterfall ___leaving a steep sided__

A

retreats - gorge

311
Q

where are interlocking spurs found in the river

A

upper course

312
Q

why are interlocking spurs found in the upper course of a river

A

they have no lateral erosion as not powerful enough so have to wind around high hillsides

313
Q

what 2 things form meanders

A

erosion deposition

314
Q

where in a river do meanders form

A

middle and lower

315
Q

where is the current of the river faster and why

A

on the outside bend as its deeper=less friction (helicoidal flow)

316
Q

more___takes place on the outside bend forming __

A

erosion
river cliffs

317
Q

material is deposited on the __bend forming what

A

inside - slip off slopes

318
Q

meanders eventually turn into what

A

the ox bow lake

319
Q

what is the first stage of oxbow lake formation

A

neck gets smaller as erosion causes the outside bends to get closer

320
Q

what I the second stage of oxbow lake formation

A

river breaks through neck (usually with a flood)
river flows through the shorter, straighter course

321
Q

what is theist stage of ox bow lake formation

A

deposition cuts off the meander

322
Q

what is a floodplain

A

wide valley floor which is flat and gets flooded

323
Q

how does deposition on floodplains happen

A

water floods, slows down, deposits eroded material it is transporting

324
Q

eventually floodplains get higher/lower due to what

A

higher - deposition

325
Q

what makes the floodplain wider

A

meanders migrate across the floodplain

326
Q

how is the valley floor flattened

A

meanders migrate downstream

327
Q

deposition at slip off slopes does what to the flood plain

A

builds it up

328
Q

what are levees

A

natural embankments along the edges of a river channel

329
Q

Whereis the heaviest material deposited in a flood

A

closest to the river channel as dropped first when river slows down

330
Q

why do levees happen

A

heaviest material deposited first in a flood
builds up over repeated time and floods

331
Q

what are deltas

A

low lying areas where the river meets the sea/lake

332
Q

when they meet the sea or a lack what are rivers forced to do

A

slow down

333
Q

how does a river channel get split into lots of smaller rivers at the mouth and what are they called

A

sea doesn’t wash up deposited material
builds up
makes distributaries

334
Q

after distributaries are formed what is then formed

A

deltas

335
Q

give an example of a delta

A

nile delta in Egypt

336
Q

what do contour lines tell you

A

the direction a river flows

337
Q

give 2 pieces of evidence for waterfalls on a map

A

black blocky lines and close contour lines

338
Q

how can you tell a river is in the upper course

A

high land
lots of contour lines in short distance
narrow thin blue line
steep valley

339
Q

how can you tell a river is in the lower course on OS map

A

nearby land is low (less than 15 m)
few contour lines
wide river (thick)
large meanders/ox bow lake

340
Q

give 3 things that shape river landscapes

A

climate
geology
slope processes

341
Q

rivers in wetter climates have a higher___and hence a higher rate of ___ - why?

A

discharge
erosion
as more power to erode

342
Q

more erosion in a river increases what

A

the river’s load

343
Q

what else increases apart from erosion when there is a higher discharge and why

A

transportation
more energy to carry material

344
Q

weathering can increase the river’s what and give an example which is influenced by the climate

A

load
colder= more freeze thaw weathering

345
Q

rivers flowing through hard rock have a faster/slow rate of erosion

A

slow

346
Q

softer rock areas have a high/low sediment load and why

A

high - more erosion

347
Q

landscapes with more resistant rocks have steeper/gentler valley sides

A

steeper

348
Q

how do interlocking spurs form

A

softer rock is eroded first
leaves areas of harder rock sticking out

349
Q

what can add lots to a river’s load

A

mass movement such as slumping

350
Q

mass movements are more likely when and why

A

colder weather - as freeze thaw loosens material
rainy times- as ground is saturated and heavier and less stable

351
Q

what is soil creep

A

soil moves down a slope due to gravity

352
Q

what is soil creep caused by

A

expansion and contraction of soil
water adds weight and expands it - moves down slopes
when dries out it contracts

353
Q

what type of material does soil creep add to the river’s load

A

fine

354
Q

what do hydrographs show

A

change in river discharge

355
Q

what is river discharge

A

volume of water flowing per second

356
Q

what is river discharge measured in

A

cumecs - cubic metres per second

357
Q

what do storm hydrographs show

A

changes in river discharge around the time of a storm

358
Q

what is peak discharge

A

highest discharge in period of time

359
Q

what is lag time

A

delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge

360
Q

what is rising limb

A

increase in river discharge as rainwater flows into river

361
Q

what is falling limb

A

decrease in river discharge as it returns to normal

362
Q

why does lag time happen

A

rainwater doesn’t land directly in channel - delay is its getting to the channel

363
Q

give 3 ways water gets to the river channel

A

surface runoff
infiltration
flowing slowly underground

364
Q

what is surface runoff

A

flowing quickly overland

365
Q

what is infiltration

A

soaking into the ground

366
Q

more runoff leads to ___lag time and makes hydrograph rising limb ___

A

lower - steeper

367
Q

give 5 physical factors that affect shape of hydrograph

A

geology
soil type
slope
drainage basin type
antecedent conditions

368
Q

give 2 human factors that affect shape of hydrograph

A

urbanisation
deforestation

369
Q

how can geology decrease lag time

A

water can’t infiltrate impermeable rocks- increases runoff

370
Q

how can soil type affect lag time

A

impermeable soils (like clays) can’t absorb water as fast as more permeable soils - increases runoff
shallower soils are saturated faster - increases runoff

371
Q

what type of soils absorb more water

A

sandy soils

372
Q

how can slopes affect lag time

A

steeper slope = less infiltration = more runoff

373
Q

how can drainage basin type affect lag time and discharge

A

circular drainage basins have shorter lag time and higher discharge
compared to narrow ones

374
Q

why do circular basins lead to shorter lag time

A

as water reaches channel at same time - but in narrow ones it takes a long time for water from one end to reach the other end

375
Q

how can antecedent conditions affect lag time

A

very wet or cold weather
can increase runoff
as soil is saturated or impermeable

376
Q

how does urbanisation affect lag time (2)

A

water can’t infiltrate impermeable surfaces like tarmac or concrete = more runoff
and gutters and drains take runoff to rivers
rapidly increasing discharge

377
Q

how does deforestation affect lag time

A

trees uptake water
store it
reducing runoff
so cutting them down
increases runoff
and increases discharge
reducing lag time

378
Q

flooding in the river eden is common/not common

A

common

379
Q

give an example of an area prone to flooding

A

carlisle

380
Q

what is the climate in cumbria

A

mild and wet - one of wettest parts of UK

381
Q

what are the prevailing winds in cumbria

A

south westerly

382
Q

the eden basin is bordered by what type of rock

A

hard, impermeable rock - Lake District and north pennines
more runoff

383
Q

___is common on higher ground in winter months and __melt can add lots of water to river in ___space of time

A

snow
snow
short

384
Q

give 3 physical factors increasing risk of flooding in cumbria

A

wet climate
impermeable rocks bordering the basin
snow in winter

385
Q

give one way urbanisation has increased risk of flooding in river eden (specific example)

A

Carlisle - more tarmac - more runoff - less absorption and storage of floodwater - less infiltration as less vegetation

386
Q

give 1 way deforestation by humans has affected risk of flooding in river eden

A

natural woodland and heath cleared in upland areas
increasing surface runoff

387
Q

how has the draining of the eden valley changed flood risk and why was it drained

A

drained to be suitable for farming
increased flood risk as drainage ditches water flows rapidly into the channel

388
Q

when was there severe flooding in carlisle

A

5th and 6th of December 2015

389
Q

__2015 was the second __ ___ ever recorded in cumbria

A

November
wettest
November

390
Q

give 3 human activities which increase risk of flooding in river eden

A

deforestation
urbanisation
drainage

391
Q

during storm __more than ___mm of rain fell across cumbria in __hours and this was the __rainfall ever recorded the UK

A

Desmond
300
24
highest

392
Q

the lag time in 2015 eden river was short/long

A

short

393
Q

what blocked bridges and smaller channels and forced water out of the river channel

A

debris carried by floodwater

394
Q

___surfaces in carlisle made water runoff into ___systems which couldnt cope and overflowed

A

impermeable
drainage

395
Q

give 1 human factor leading to flooding in the eden basin in 2015

A

insufficient drainage

396
Q

give 2 reasons for increased flood risk in the UK

A

increased frequency of storms and land use change

397
Q

why is frequency of storms increasing

A

climate change

398
Q

storms are becoming more __with more ___rainfall increasing the scale of floods

A

extreme
intense

399
Q

more periods of__weather makes the ground ____and flooding more likely

A

wet
saturated

400
Q

as the population grows __areas expand leading to more/less impermeable surfaces

A

urban
more

401
Q

removing __and permeable surfaces leads to what

A

water that should’ve been infiltrated and stored in soil/plants flows downstream

402
Q

lots of __is taking place on floodplains - increases risk in these areas

A

Development - building houses

403
Q

give 3 ways storms are making flooding more likely

A

more frequent
more rainfall intensely
wetter climate -saturated

404
Q

give 5 threats to people from floods

A

killed
infrastructure damaged (such as roads/bridges/railways)
floodwater contaminated with sewage = lack of clean drinking water
possession damage
homelessness
businesses forced to shut due to damage/disrupted power = losing livelihoods

405
Q

give 4 ways floodwater threatens the environment

A

pollution of rivers as contaminated with sewage and rivers - damage to habitats
farmland ruined by silt
river banks eroded - can widen channel and increase downstream deposition
force of water can uproot trees and plants or drown them if left standing

406
Q

give 2 types of engineering to deal with flooding

A

hard and soft

407
Q

give 4 types of hard engineering for rivers

A

flood walls
embankments
flood barriers/gates
demountable flood barriers

408
Q

what are flood wals

A

artificial barriers - increase height of river banks
allow it to hold more water

409
Q

give 3 costs of flood walls

A

unsightly
block view of river
expensive

410
Q

what are embankments

A

high banks along or near river banks
stop river flowing out in a flood and protect buildings/infrastructure nearby

411
Q

give one advantage of embankments

A

can be made of earth or natural materials = less unsightly than floodwalls

412
Q

give 2 costs of embankments

A

expensive
risk of severe flooding if embankments break

413
Q

give an example of a floodgate

A

thames barrier

414
Q

where are floodgates built

A

on river estuaries to stop flooding from storm surges/high tides

415
Q

what happens when a surge is forecasted

A

floodgates shut to protect large areas of land

416
Q

give 2 costs of floodgates

A

very expansive
need regular maintenance

417
Q

what are demountable flood barriers

A

temporary protections against flooding

418
Q

what is one risk of flood barriers

A

they might not be put up in time as they are only put up when there is a flood forecast

419
Q

give 1 cosy and 1 benefit of demountable flood barriers

A

expensive but don’t spoil look of locations

420
Q

what is flood plain retention

A

maintaining flood plain by not building on it

421
Q

what is a benefit of flood plain retention

A

slows floodwater and maintains the plain’s ability to store water

422
Q

give 1 cost and 1 benefit of flood plain retention

A

free
but restricts development so can’t be used in urban areas

423
Q

what is river restoration

A

making river more natural by removing man made levees so flood plain can naturally floos

424
Q

what is 2 benefits of river restoration

A

little maintenance required
less risk of flooding downstream as discharge reduced

425
Q

give 1 cost of river restoration

A

can increase local flood risk without any other measures to prevent major floods

GCSE Geography Revision (15 decks)

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