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GCSE Geography Revision > Unit 2 - Topic 5 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Key terms
Accessible

A

Easy to get to and from

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2
Q

Key terms
Ageing population

A

When the proportion of older people rises

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3
Q

Key terms
Reasons for rising population (2)

A

Longer life expectancy / falling fertility rates

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4
Q

Key terms
Business parks

A

Areas specially designed for businesses

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5
Q

Key terms
Connectivity

A

How easy it is to connect with other places (usually through travel)

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6
Q

Key terms
Conurbations

A

A continuous urban or built up area (surrounding a central urban district)

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7
Q

Key terms
Reasons for conurbations (1)

A

People commute to cities from towns because it’s too expensive to live in city

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8
Q

Key terms
Core regions

A

Urban areas that drive economy

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9
Q

Key terms
Deindustrialisation

A
  1. Closing industries
  2. Decreased economic activity in secondary and primary sectors
  3. Unemployment
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10
Q

Key terms
Decentralisation

A

Shift off retail from Central Business District (CBD)

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11
Q

Key terms
Depopulation

A

Decline of population

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12
Q

Key terms
Deprivation

A

A lack of wealth and services
(Low standards of living)

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13
Q

Key terms
Diversification

A

Growth of business and the products it sells

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14
Q

Key terms
Enterprise zones

A

Areas where the government gives:
start up funds to companies
Reduced taxes
Super fast broadband
To encourage business

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15
Q

Key terms
Environmental quality

A

Environmental conditions - that affect humans

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16
Q

Key terms
Ethnicity

A

National, racial, cultural origin

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17
Q

Key terms
EU grants

A

Funds from EU to poorest regions
Poorest = <75% of average GDP

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18
Q

Key terms
Footloose

A

Companies not tied to a location
(Usually high tech)

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19
Q

Key terms
FDI

A

Foreign direct investment
Investment one country to another r

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20
Q

Key terms
Free trade

A

Tariff free flow of goods and services

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21
Q

Key terms
Globalisation

A

Increased connections between countries

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22
Q

Key terms
Immigration

A

People moving to another country to live there permanently

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23
Q

Key terms
IMD

A

Index of multiple deprivation - measure of deprivation
Based on factors such as quality of services and income

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24
Q

Key terms
Infrastructure

A

Basic physical and organisational structures and facilities

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25
Q

Key terms
Knowledge economy

A

Economy based on specialised knowledge or skill (tertiary and quaternary sector employment)

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26
Q

Key terms
Migration

A

Movement of people from one place to another r

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27
Q

Key terms
Multicultural

A

Variety of culture/ethnicity

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28
Q

Key terms
Multiplier effect

A

When businesses invest in an area, creating more jobs, housing and services, in turn attracting more people.

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29
Q

Key terms
New economy

A

Majority Economic activity based on knowledge and information

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30
Q

Key terms
Northern powerhouse

A

Major core region of cities in north England which can drive economy of north England

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31
Q

Key terms
Old economy

A

Based on traditional primary and secondary industries

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32
Q

Key terms
Population density

A

The average number of people in a given area, in people per km squared

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33
Q

Key terms
Primary sector

A

Involved in getting raw materials from environment
(Farm, fish, mine)

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34
Q

Key terms
Privatisation

A

Change in Ownership of services from public (government/ local council) to private (shareholder)sectors

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35
Q

Key terms
Quality of life

A

How wealthy someone is in terms of income and services and environment

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36
Q

Key terms
Quaternary sector

A

Based on specialised knowledge or skill

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37
Q

Key terms
Radial network

A

Road network that meets in the middle

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38
Q

Key terms
Regeneration

A

Redeveloping former industrial areas to improve

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39
Q

Key terms
Regional development grants

A

Grants and advice to help businesses start
Usually small grants

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40
Q

Key terms
Retail park

A

Shopping area on edge of a town/city

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41
Q

Key terms
Rural periphery

A

Area away from urban core

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42
Q

Key terms
Rural urban fringe

A

Area where the town or city meets the countryside

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43
Q

Key terms
Sustainable

A

Can continue over a long time
(Due to no long term environmental damage)

44
Q

Key terms
Tertiary sector

A

Service sector
Teaching, nursing, policing

45
Q

Key terms
TNC

A

Trans-national corporation - companies with international operations

46
Q

Key terms
World city

A

City that plays strong role in world affairs and is centre for finance and trade

47
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - summary
What are the differences between urban and rural UK (list social and economic - use as many keywords as possible)
Give at least 3 differences

A

Social:
Population density
Conurbations
Rural periphery
Ageing population
Out-migration
Affluence

Economic:
Multiplier effect
Northern powerhouse
Urban core
Rural development plans
Enterprise zones

48
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - summary
What are the differences between urban and rural UK ?
Summarise in one sentence

A

Rural UK has lower population density, an ageing population, and lower levels of economic activity, compared to the urban cores (such as the Northern powerhouse) which benefits from the multiplier effect and has more tertiary/quaternary sector jobs

49
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Draw a flow diagram of the multiplier effect

A

Investment - jobs - migration - spending - jobs - migration etc

50
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Why did Newcastle and Glasgow develop? (Due to what key industry)

A

Ship building

51
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Why are core areas densely populated

A

The multiplier effect - (investment, jobs, migration, service, jobs, migration)

52
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Can you interpret a population pyramid? + what are London’s + Birmingham’s + Manchester’s conurbations called?

A

Yes, greater in front of all of them

53
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Define conurbation in a sentence

A

Extended urban area,
consisted of serval towns merging with suburbs of city

54
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core region
Give 3 examples of London’s conurbations

A

Kent, Surrey, Croydon

55
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core region
How can gentrification drive conurbation creation

A

Drives people out of cities due to high prices and in to neighbouring towns, but still working in cities

56
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - rural areas
What are some problems with rural peripheries’ small/sparse populations
List 2

A

‘Brain drain’ (younger, upwardly mobile people move away in search of better economic opportunities) + ageing population (lack of council tax due to pensioners)

57
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - rural areas
What is a ‘brain drain’?

A

younger, upwardly mobile people move away from economically stagnant/rural areas in search of better economic opportunities

58
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - summary
How can the rural-urban gap be reduced?
Summarise 4 ways using 4 key words and say whether they are EU or UK based and post/pre brexit

A

Freeport’s - UK - post
Enterprise zones - EU/ uk- Pre / post - should be checked
Improvements to transport and HS2 - UK - pre + post
Regional development/EU grants - EU/UK - pre+post

59
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives
What is a freeport + give an example

A

A UK based initiative post brexit, economic conditions aim to promote growth of business
Through laws to boost growth, lower taxes, investment
Copies enterprise zones (EU initiative)
Hull

60
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives
What is an enterprise zone + give an example

A

UK government (+EU?) invests and helps companies to grow in specific areas
Reduced taxes, grants, superfast broadband
Manchester airport

61
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives
What is an advantage to improving transport and give an example

A

Links rural peripheries and urban cores, improves communication allowing business to grow
HS2

62
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives
What are regional development / EU grants and who are they given to?

A

Targeted investment - towards areas with GDP less than 75% of EU average

63
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - summary
how has immigration affected the Uk population?
Summarise using keywords in 1 sentence

A

Net immigration has increased UK population, and has changed the shape of the population pyramid, by increasing numbers of young people

64
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
What are 2 reasons for increased population in the UK

A

Net immigration, higher birth rates

65
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
What are 2 reasons for increased birth rates in uk

A

2008 economic crash - damaged job prospects for women - more likely to have kids
Immigration from groups with higher birth rates

66
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
Reasons for net immigration (3)

A

EU membership + freedom of movement
Globalisation and the knowledge economy
Economic migration

67
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
Which generation contributes currently to UK ageing population

A

Baby boomers after WW2

68
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
What is national migration

A

People moving to other areas within their country

69
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - summary
How have changes in the UK economy impacted types of employment?
Give 1 sentence summary answer

A

During the Industrial Revolution 1700-1900 main employment types were primary and secondary industry - the old economy
Now, employment types are mainly tertiary, with an emerging quaternary sector as part of the knowledge economy

70
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment
How has deindustrialisation and the domino effect impacted the employment structure of the UK (particularly the north)

A

Moved jobs away from secondary and primary sectors to tertiary and quaternary (knowledge economy)

71
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment
How has the emergence of footloose companies and teleworking influenced distribution of employment across the country

A

It has allowed high-tech tertiary and quaternary sector jobs to have employees in varied areas, including rural areas (as they can work from home)

72
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
Summarise the differences in employment between Dinnington and Canary Wharf

A

Dinnington - mainly tertiary and secondary, unskilled
Canary Wharf - quaternary sector (finance, law)

73
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
What is the difference in average salary between the two areas

A

Minimum wage vs £100 000 a year

74
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
True or false: Canary Wharf employment tends to have longer hours than Dinnington

A

True - often much more full time compared to a mix of part time and full time in Dinnington

75
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
What are two problems with the employment in Dinnington?

A

It is often temporary and outside Dinnington

76
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
True or false: footloose companies can indirectly develop conurbations

A

True - through people working from home in towns outside cities

77
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
How has the domino effect impacted dinnington?

A

Coal industry collapse leads to the collapse of steel and other industries and this has meant numbers employed in the primary sector has fallen dramatically since 1980 in dinnington

78
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
When was canary wharf developed through government investment

A

1980

79
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.6 - summary
How has globalisation influenced the UK economy?
Give a sentence summary

A

It has helped businesses and the economy grow and increased consumer choice however also eroded culture and often profits from global TNCs have been transferred to the country of origin

80
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.6 - summary
What negative impacts can TNCs have on the UK?

A

Exploitation of workers, UK workers are outcompeted by lower cost markets in other counties

81
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - summary
Why is London’s site and why is it situated there?
Give 1 sentence summary

A

Coastal, historical trade links, shallowest part of the river Thames, can be bridged, in the centre of all time zones

82
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - site/situation
What is site

A

The land where something is

83
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - site/situation
What is situation

A

Where something is with relation to something else

84
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zones
What is the burgess model of city zones

A

It models the existence of concentric circles surrounding the CBD of factories, working class, middle class areas

85
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - site/situation
Does the burgess model of zones apply to London? What model does apply to London

A

No - the Hoyt model - as it is the ‘city of cities’ with many towns rather than one main city

86
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zones
What are 4 types of land use

A

Commercial, industrial, retail, leisure, (residential)

87
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - land use
Give an example of a financial district of London

A

Liverpool st. , Canary Wharf

88
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
Give an example of an inner suburb of London

A

Highgate, Hampstead

89
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
Give an example of an outer suburb of London

A

Barnet

90
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is the population density of the CBD in london, and give some main land uses

A

High, with both permanent and transient population - commercial, retail (Oxford st), leisure (west end), residential

91
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is the population density of the inner suburbs, it’s building density and land cost and environmental quality and accessibility

A

Very high, high, high (varied - higher building density = cheaper housing), varied, high (recent development)

92
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is the population density of the outer suburbs, building density, land cost and accessibility

A

Mid, low, low, low,

93
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
True or false: London is a magnet for migrants due to educational and employment opportunities

A

True

94
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is an example of international connectivity

A

Airports - Heathrow, Luton, Gatwick

95
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is an example of national connectivity

A

Rail links - HS2

96
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is an example of regional connectivity

A

Road networks - around London there are radial networks

97
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - immigration
Give 3 positives of migration

A

Diversity, multiplier effect, employment unwanted by UK citizens is taken up

98
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - immigration
Give 3 negatives of migration

A

Pressure on public service, gentrification, pressure on housing - difficult to get good quality houses, cost of living difficult for migrants, migrants can end up in low paid jobs

99
Q

8 marker - Assess the impacts of ….
How do you structure this?

A

3 x PEEL — some positive and some negative
Make a judgement using ASSESS at the end of each paragraph
Conclude taking a position using ASSESS paragraph

100
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What is London’s poverty rate

A

28%

101
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - immigration
_____ of the poorest of Uk live in London and ____ of the richest live in London as well

A

1 million

102
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What is deprivation?

A

Lack of wealth and services

103
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What are two links between deprivation and life expectancy

A

Bad health and nutrients level

104
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What does IMD stand for

A

Index of multiple deprivation

105
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
Give 5 components of the IMD

A

Income, employment, education, health, crime

106
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality - case study - Newham + Richmond
Give 3 reasons newham is deprived (with evidence)

A

21% of population had poor health, 43% of working age adults in Canning Town had no qualifications, high minority ethnic residents %

107
Q

Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality - case study - Newham + Richmond
Give 3 reasons Richmond is affluent

A

More open space per person than any other borough, average annual income 4 x Newham, 18% have poor health

GCSE Geography Revision (15 decks)

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