Unit 2 - Topic 5 Flashcards
Key terms
Accessible
Easy to get to and from
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Ageing population
When the proportion of older people rises
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Reasons for rising population (2)
Longer life expectancy / falling fertility rates
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Business parks
Areas specially designed for businesses
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Connectivity
How easy it is to connect with other places (usually through travel)
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Conurbations
A continuous urban or built up area (surrounding a central urban district)
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Reasons for conurbations (1)
People commute to cities from towns because it’s too expensive to live in city
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Core regions
Urban areas that drive economy
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Deindustrialisation
- Closing industries
- Decreased economic activity in secondary and primary sectors
- Unemployment
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Decentralisation
Shift off retail from Central Business District (CBD)
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Depopulation
Decline of population
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Deprivation
A lack of wealth and services
(Low standards of living)
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Diversification
Growth of business and the products it sells
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Enterprise zones
Areas where the government gives:
start up funds to companies
Reduced taxes
Super fast broadband
To encourage business
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Environmental quality
Environmental conditions - that affect humans
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Ethnicity
National, racial, cultural origin
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EU grants
Funds from EU to poorest regions
Poorest = <75% of average GDP
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Footloose
Companies not tied to a location
(Usually high tech)
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FDI
Foreign direct investment
Investment one country to another r
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Free trade
Tariff free flow of goods and services
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Globalisation
Increased connections between countries
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Immigration
People moving to another country to live there permanently
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IMD
Index of multiple deprivation - measure of deprivation
Based on factors such as quality of services and income
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Infrastructure
Basic physical and organisational structures and facilities
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Knowledge economy
Economy based on specialised knowledge or skill (tertiary and quaternary sector employment)
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Migration
Movement of people from one place to another r
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Multicultural
Variety of culture/ethnicity
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Multiplier effect
When businesses invest in an area, creating more jobs, housing and services, in turn attracting more people.
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New economy
Majority Economic activity based on knowledge and information
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Northern powerhouse
Major core region of cities in north England which can drive economy of north England
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Old economy
Based on traditional primary and secondary industries
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Population density
The average number of people in a given area, in people per km squared
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Primary sector
Involved in getting raw materials from environment
(Farm, fish, mine)
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Privatisation
Change in Ownership of services from public (government/ local council) to private (shareholder)sectors
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Quality of life
How wealthy someone is in terms of income and services and environment
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Quaternary sector
Based on specialised knowledge or skill
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Radial network
Road network that meets in the middle
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Regeneration
Redeveloping former industrial areas to improve
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Regional development grants
Grants and advice to help businesses start
Usually small grants
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Retail park
Shopping area on edge of a town/city
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Rural periphery
Area away from urban core
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Rural urban fringe
Area where the town or city meets the countryside
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Sustainable
Can continue over a long time
(Due to no long term environmental damage)
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Tertiary sector
Service sector
Teaching, nursing, policing
Key terms
TNC
Trans-national corporation - companies with international operations
Key terms
World city
City that plays strong role in world affairs and is centre for finance and trade
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - summary
What are the differences between urban and rural UK (list social and economic - use as many keywords as possible)
Give at least 3 differences
Social:
Population density
Conurbations
Rural periphery
Ageing population
Out-migration
Affluence
Economic:
Multiplier effect
Northern powerhouse
Urban core
Rural development plans
Enterprise zones
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - summary
What are the differences between urban and rural UK ?
Summarise in one sentence
Rural UK has lower population density, an ageing population, and lower levels of economic activity, compared to the urban cores (such as the Northern powerhouse) which benefits from the multiplier effect and has more tertiary/quaternary sector jobs
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Draw a flow diagram of the multiplier effect
Investment - jobs - migration - spending - jobs - migration etc
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Why did Newcastle and Glasgow develop? (Due to what key industry)
Ship building
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Why are core areas densely populated
The multiplier effect - (investment, jobs, migration, service, jobs, migration)
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Can you interpret a population pyramid? + what are London’s + Birmingham’s + Manchester’s conurbations called?
Yes, greater in front of all of them
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core regions
Define conurbation in a sentence
Extended urban area,
consisted of serval towns merging with suburbs of city
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core region
Give 3 examples of London’s conurbations
Kent, Surrey, Croydon
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - core region
How can gentrification drive conurbation creation
Drives people out of cities due to high prices and in to neighbouring towns, but still working in cities
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - rural areas
What are some problems with rural peripheries’ small/sparse populations
List 2
‘Brain drain’ (younger, upwardly mobile people move away in search of better economic opportunities) + ageing population (lack of council tax due to pensioners)
Main enquiry questions - 5.1 - rural areas
What is a ‘brain drain’?
younger, upwardly mobile people move away from economically stagnant/rural areas in search of better economic opportunities
Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - summary
How can the rural-urban gap be reduced?
Summarise 4 ways using 4 key words and say whether they are EU or UK based and post/pre brexit
Freeport’s - UK - post
Enterprise zones - EU/ uk- Pre / post - should be checked
Improvements to transport and HS2 - UK - pre + post
Regional development/EU grants - EU/UK - pre+post
Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives
What is a freeport + give an example
A UK based initiative post brexit, economic conditions aim to promote growth of business
Through laws to boost growth, lower taxes, investment
Copies enterprise zones (EU initiative)
Hull
Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives
What is an enterprise zone + give an example
UK government (+EU?) invests and helps companies to grow in specific areas
Reduced taxes, grants, superfast broadband
Manchester airport
Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives
What is an advantage to improving transport and give an example
Links rural peripheries and urban cores, improves communication allowing business to grow
HS2
Main enquiry questions - 5.2 - development initiatives
What are regional development / EU grants and who are they given to?
Targeted investment - towards areas with GDP less than 75% of EU average
Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - summary
how has immigration affected the Uk population?
Summarise using keywords in 1 sentence
Net immigration has increased UK population, and has changed the shape of the population pyramid, by increasing numbers of young people
Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
What are 2 reasons for increased population in the UK
Net immigration, higher birth rates
Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
What are 2 reasons for increased birth rates in uk
2008 economic crash - damaged job prospects for women - more likely to have kids
Immigration from groups with higher birth rates
Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
Reasons for net immigration (3)
EU membership + freedom of movement
Globalisation and the knowledge economy
Economic migration
Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
Which generation contributes currently to UK ageing population
Baby boomers after WW2
Main enquiry questions - 5.3 - population
What is national migration
People moving to other areas within their country
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - summary
How have changes in the UK economy impacted types of employment?
Give 1 sentence summary answer
During the Industrial Revolution 1700-1900 main employment types were primary and secondary industry - the old economy
Now, employment types are mainly tertiary, with an emerging quaternary sector as part of the knowledge economy
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment
How has deindustrialisation and the domino effect impacted the employment structure of the UK (particularly the north)
Moved jobs away from secondary and primary sectors to tertiary and quaternary (knowledge economy)
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment
How has the emergence of footloose companies and teleworking influenced distribution of employment across the country
It has allowed high-tech tertiary and quaternary sector jobs to have employees in varied areas, including rural areas (as they can work from home)
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
Summarise the differences in employment between Dinnington and Canary Wharf
Dinnington - mainly tertiary and secondary, unskilled
Canary Wharf - quaternary sector (finance, law)
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
What is the difference in average salary between the two areas
Minimum wage vs £100 000 a year
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
True or false: Canary Wharf employment tends to have longer hours than Dinnington
True - often much more full time compared to a mix of part time and full time in Dinnington
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
What are two problems with the employment in Dinnington?
It is often temporary and outside Dinnington
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
True or false: footloose companies can indirectly develop conurbations
True - through people working from home in towns outside cities
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
How has the domino effect impacted dinnington?
Coal industry collapse leads to the collapse of steel and other industries and this has meant numbers employed in the primary sector has fallen dramatically since 1980 in dinnington
Main enquiry questions - 5.5 - employment - Dinnington + Canary Wharf - case studies
When was canary wharf developed through government investment
1980
Main enquiry questions - 5.6 - summary
How has globalisation influenced the UK economy?
Give a sentence summary
It has helped businesses and the economy grow and increased consumer choice however also eroded culture and often profits from global TNCs have been transferred to the country of origin
Main enquiry questions - 5.6 - summary
What negative impacts can TNCs have on the UK?
Exploitation of workers, UK workers are outcompeted by lower cost markets in other counties
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - summary
Why is London’s site and why is it situated there?
Give 1 sentence summary
Coastal, historical trade links, shallowest part of the river Thames, can be bridged, in the centre of all time zones
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - site/situation
What is site
The land where something is
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - site/situation
What is situation
Where something is with relation to something else
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zones
What is the burgess model of city zones
It models the existence of concentric circles surrounding the CBD of factories, working class, middle class areas
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - site/situation
Does the burgess model of zones apply to London? What model does apply to London
No - the Hoyt model - as it is the ‘city of cities’ with many towns rather than one main city
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zones
What are 4 types of land use
Commercial, industrial, retail, leisure, (residential)
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - land use
Give an example of a financial district of London
Liverpool st. , Canary Wharf
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
Give an example of an inner suburb of London
Highgate, Hampstead
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
Give an example of an outer suburb of London
Barnet
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is the population density of the CBD in london, and give some main land uses
High, with both permanent and transient population - commercial, retail (Oxford st), leisure (west end), residential
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is the population density of the inner suburbs, it’s building density and land cost and environmental quality and accessibility
Very high, high, high (varied - higher building density = cheaper housing), varied, high (recent development)
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is the population density of the outer suburbs, building density, land cost and accessibility
Mid, low, low, low,
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
True or false: London is a magnet for migrants due to educational and employment opportunities
True
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is an example of international connectivity
Airports - Heathrow, Luton, Gatwick
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is an example of national connectivity
Rail links - HS2
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - zone
What is an example of regional connectivity
Road networks - around London there are radial networks
Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - immigration
Give 3 positives of migration
Diversity, multiplier effect, employment unwanted by UK citizens is taken up
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - immigration
Give 3 negatives of migration
Pressure on public service, gentrification, pressure on housing - difficult to get good quality houses, cost of living difficult for migrants, migrants can end up in low paid jobs
8 marker - Assess the impacts of ….
How do you structure this?
3 x PEEL — some positive and some negative
Make a judgement using ASSESS at the end of each paragraph
Conclude taking a position using ASSESS paragraph
Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What is London’s poverty rate
28%
Main enquiry questions - 5.7 - immigration
_____ of the poorest of Uk live in London and ____ of the richest live in London as well
1 million
Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What is deprivation?
Lack of wealth and services
Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What are two links between deprivation and life expectancy
Bad health and nutrients level
Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
What does IMD stand for
Index of multiple deprivation
Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality
Give 5 components of the IMD
Income, employment, education, health, crime
Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality - case study - Newham + Richmond
Give 3 reasons newham is deprived (with evidence)
21% of population had poor health, 43% of working age adults in Canning Town had no qualifications, high minority ethnic residents %
Main enquiry questions - 5.8 - inequality - case study - Newham + Richmond
Give 3 reasons Richmond is affluent
More open space per person than any other borough, average annual income 4 x Newham, 18% have poor health
