Topic 3 Knowledge Flashcards
Capital city of Uganda
Kampala
Give 2 reasons young people might go to cities
Employment
education
Give 1 reason people might not want to live in rural areas
Employment opportunities are limited
What is urbanisation
Rise in % of people living in urban areas compared to rural ones
Most cities have ___ populations compared to rural areas
Younger
Give 2 causes of global urban growth
Migration to cities
Natural growth within cities
What does million city mean?
A city with a population larger than 1 million
The number of million cities is on the rise/decline
Rise
The largest cities in the world used to be in ___countries but they are now mostly in ___countries
Developed
Developing
What is a conurbation
A linking of urban areas /a continuous urban area
What is a mega city
Over 10 million people
In 1980, most mega cities were in ____ countries and now increasing numbers of mega cities are in ____ countries
High income
Emerging
Give 5 mega cities
São Paulo, Shanghai, Mumbai, Tokyo, New York
What is a world city
A city which plays a disproportionate role in global affairs
What does urban primacy mean
The urban area has an influence over and above their size
Give 4 ways cities exert influence
Investment, airline traffic, decision makers, political decisions
London has allot of ___ flowing through it as it is one of the world’s biggest financial centres
Investment
World cities have allot of airline traffic true or false
True
As of 2019, what city had the largest number of airline passengers arrive (out of the whole world)?
London - Gatwick and heathrow together = 119 million passengers in one year
This is one reason it is a global city
What % of the world’s largest companies have headquarters in cities of the USA, EU, and Japan
80%
Having TNC headquarters in your city controls allot of ____ activity. Such as ….
Economic
What to sell, at what price etc
Government decisions can affect people _____ and world cities are often hosts of governments. This is another way they exert ___
Globally
Influence
Give 2 ways government decisions can affect the rest of the world
Where to invest/resolving conflicts or getting involved in them
The world’s fastest growing cities are in ___ and ____
Africa and Asia
Give the main cause of city growth in Africa and Asia
Economic growth - creating new jobs
Give the reason for rapid economic growth and new job creation in emerging counrties
TNC investment in factories, causing rapid industrialisation
Give one reason cities in HICs are growing
Their service economies expanding
Especially for world cities
What is the population of Kampala?
3.3 million
Give the 2 main drivers of urban growth in Kampala
Internal migration
Natural increase
Why is natural increase particularly large in Kampala
Migrants tend to be young and have children
What areas do most people coming into Kampala come from
Rural areas
Give 4 pull factors into Kampala
Jobs in growing businesses
Jobs in construction building infrastructure
Better services
Better life chances
Give a piece of evidence showing there are increasing numbers of jobs in new businesses in Kampala
A steelworks (TNC owned) has recently opened in southern Kampala
Now employs 2000 people
Give 3 push factors away from Kampala
Drought and floods
Low investment
Few services (health in particular)
Low incomes
Few opportunities (eg to own land)
_____ improves knowledge of urban employment which increases rural-urban migration
Technology
Give 2 examples of the tech that can encourage rural-urban migration through more knowledge of urban employment
Radio and television
Unlike many other cities in HICs, New York’s growth as a city has _____
Slowed
Give the major cause of growth in New York
Knowledge economy
What has increased international migration into New York
Knowledge economy leads to experts being effectively imported from overseas into top jobs to fill positions that the USA cant fill on its own
What % 0f New York’s population is foreign born
37%
What is the big company in Detroit?
General Motors
General Motors is the USA’s largest ____ company
Car
What was Detroits population in 1950 and due to what
1.85 million
General Motors
Give 2 reasons for detroits decline
Wealthier population left for the suburbs
GM’s sales halved
During what period of time did the wealthier population of Detroit leave for the suburbs
1960 - 2000
Give the chain of causality following the suburbanisation of wealthier residents
Income from local taxes fell
Detriot City Council couldn’t provide enough services
When did Detriot city council go bankrupt
2013
In what decade did GM’s sales halve
2000-2010
Give 2 ways GM’s activities have required less people
Uses robotics to make cars
Imports parts from overseas
Give 2 things resultant from GM’s sales halving and it requiring fewer workers
Unemployment
De-industrialisation
What is de industrialisation
Closure of industries
As of 2020, the decline of population has slowed/increased
Slowed
Why is population decline slowing in detriot
New investment is creating new jobs
Give 3 examples of the informal economy
Selling goods (clothes + groceries)
Cooking or selling food (fruit + veg)
Offering a service (mending a car tyre)
What % of people work in the informal sector of Uganda’s economy
80%
What is the main demographic of workers in the informal economy of Kampala?
Women + young people
Kampala’s formal economy is ___
Large
____ are the main part of Kampala’s formal economy
Services
Why is the formal economy only growing slowly
Most Ugandans are rural subsistence farmers
What % of Uganda’s population are in manufacturing?
7
Kampala is a ____ city
developing
New Delhi is an _____ city
Emerging
What % of workers in New Delhi work in the informal sector?
80
Most people work in ___ sector in New Delhi
Service
Service industries give New Delhi __% of its GDP in 2017-2018
86
Why are so many factories part of the informal economy in New Delhi?
There are no regulations about worker records, tax payments, working conditions
Also no minimum wage of benefits
True or false: there is a minimum wage in New Delhi
False
New York is a ____ city
Developed
What % of employment in New York is manufacturing
10%
What type of labour feeds manufacturing industry in New York?
Cheap migrant Labour - it is 2/3 of labour in this sector
What fraction of labour in manufacturing is cheap migrant labour in New York
2/3
What is the most valuable part of NYC’s economy?
Knowledge economy
In 2020, financial companies provided ___ % of NYC employment
10
What % of NYC’s economy is in the informal sector?
7
Give the 2 main groups of people involved in informal economy in NYC
Migrants
Self employed workers who dont declare income to tax officials
In informal work, workers have no___ and often have to work ___ hours for ___ than minimum wage
Protection
Long
Less
_____, street ___ and ____ have large informal sectors
Construction, street selling, cleaning
What was formed as a result of major migration from certain ethnic groups like Puetro Ricans and African Americans
Ethnic enclaves
Why did so many Puerto Ricans come to NYC
It became a US territory in 1917 and have citizens free movement to USA
Why did so many African Americans come into NYC
From southern USA, escaping poor economic conditions and racial segregation
What system facilitated the outward expansion of the city
Transport - the subway and rail system
Give 2 other types of transportation that was developed which facilitated the expansion of manhattan?
Road bridges and freeways - cars
Give two examples of road bridges which connected up manhattan?
Road bridges crossing the Hudson and east rivers
When was suburbanisation for NYC?
1950-1980
What % of NYC’s population was lost between 1950 and 1980?
12%
What was the main demographic of people moving out of NYC 1950-1980?
White people who had done well enough to move out of
What was white counter urbanisation known as
White flight
What happened after whit flight which made people feel unsafe?
Ethnic rivalries between groups left behind
GAP BETWEEN THIS PAGE ON NYC AND PAGE 92 MUMBAI
Mumbai is India’s largest ___
Container port
The city is _____, just above ___ level
Low lying, sea
It has a ___ season
Monsoon
______ rains can flood ____ roads
Monsoon
Low lying
In 2021 the population of Mumbai =
20 million
What is the population of Mumbai including the metropolitan area
25 million
How long is Mumbai’s waterfront
10km
Give one aspect of Mumbai’s location which helps its trade connection internationally
It is closer to Europe via the Suez Canal compared to other Indian ports
By air, how many hours is Mumbai from UK airports?
9
How many hours flight are other Indian cities away from Mumbai?
Within 2 hours
What is one difference between the model of the structure of developing cities and Mumbai
The CBD is not in the centre, but around the harbour on the island tip
Where have industrial areas moved to for cheaper land
Nazi Mumbai
Where do low income groups live in Mumbai?
Chawls
What are chawls
Low quality multi storey buildings
Give an example of a squatter settlement in Mumbai
Dharavi
The poorest ___% live in ___ housing
60
Informal
How many new migrants arrive to Mumbai each day
1 000
What type of urbanisation is happening in Mumbai?
Hyper urbanisation
True or false Nazi Mumbai is a suburb
True
What class occupies Navi Mumbai?
Middle classes
Give 4 areas of investment in Mumbai
Services
Manufacturing
Construction
Entertainment
Give an example of some entertainment industries with heavy investment in Mumbai
Bollywood
Give an example of a manufacturing industry in Mumbai
Textiles
Give an example of a services industry in Mumbai
Banking
Mumbai is one of the world’s most ____ cities
Expensive
Manufacturing industries needing lots of space are moving out/into Mumbai
Out - due to high land prices caused by demand pressures
Give 2 reasons Mumbai has grown as a city
Rural urban migration
Natural increase
The majority of migrants into Mumbai are short/long distance from the state in which MUmbai is situated, ____
Short
Maharastra
Give 4 pull factors for Mumbai
More jobs
Better education
Entertainment
High incomes
How many universities does Mumbai have?
12
What is the literacy rate in Mumbai
95%
What is the rate of natural increase in Mumbai
1.4% per year
How much money is the informal economy worth to Mumbai’s GDP per year?
1 billion USD
True or false: homes in Dharavi dont have electricity
False: they do
But it is often from illegal and unsafe hook ups
What are rents for a small flat in Dharavi
200 rupees per month
Up to __ families might share a tap if you are on a low income in Dharavi
10
How much do toilets cost to use in Dharavi
3 cents - they are communal
What is the population of Dharavi
1 million
How many people per toilet in Dharavi
625
What % of women are suffering from malnutrition
50%
What is the literacy rate in Dharavi
69%
How much does a one bedroom apartment cost in 2021 in Mumbai
320 000
What is Mumbai’s main problem
Tax
Give 2 reasons the tax collection is low for Mumbai
Not enough tax collectors
Tax free zones to attract companies
Explain the vicious cycle of low government income from tax and low infrastructure quality
Low income
Little infrastructure
Companies leave for better infrastructure elsewhere
Government sets up tax free zones
Less tax income
Can’t afford tax collectors
Factories unregulated
Informal economy expands
Still no tax
Why are private companies put off from building houses in Mumbai
The government limits maximum rents
What % of Mumbai’s population uses communal taps
60%
Rapid urbanisation has caused uncontrolled water ____
Pollution
What river do factories dump untreated waste in
The Mithi river
How many litres of untreated sewage goes into the river daily
800 million litres
What % of Mumbai’s waste is recycled?
80%
Mumbai’s recycling industry is worth __ per year
1.5 million USD
Give 5 recommendations for Mumbai to improve air quality
Use low benzene petrol
Improve public transport
Charge higher road tax on older vehicles
Check on fuel tampering
Use LPG (gas) instead of burning coal
How many die per day on Mumbai’s rail system due to overcrowding?
10
Give the 4 sustainable development questions
Does it benefit all?
Is it bottom up?
Will it last?
Is it eco friendly?
Give a top down development example
Vision Mumbai
What firm proposed vision Mumbai
McKinsey
How much investment was recommended to improve Mumbai by McKinsey
40 billion USD
Give 3 ideas the vision Mumbai report had
Build 1 million low cost homes and reduce poor quality housing
Improve transport road and rail infrastructure
Improve air and water quality by reducing pollution
Give 4 targets for Mumbai given by vision Mumbai
Restore 325 green spaces that had been waste dumping grounds
Build 300 extra public toilets
Widen and beautify main roads
Improve train capacity and safety
Vision Mumbai called from what to be demolished
Dharavi
Demolishing Mumbai would free up highly ___ land for housing and office developers
Lucrative/valuable
How many homes have been demolished in Dharavi after the plan
45 000
What sanitation systems were introduced for the new flats
Piped water and sewage systems
In 2020, how many new trains were added to Mumbai’s rail network
350
Give 4 reasons people in Dharavi dont like the changes suggested by vision Mumbai
Many prefer housing improvement (adding in sewage treatment or piped water) to demolition
New 14 storey apartment blocks have split communities
Rents cost more now
Recycling industry affected by damage to small workshops
What are 3 failures of the vision Mumbai scheme
Water quality is worsening in Mumbai
Beaches are unsafe
Poor quality housing is rapidly growing, and sewage treatment is not following this growth
What is LSS
lol Seva sangram = health charity in Mumbai
What does LSS tackle
Leprosy
After working to treat Leprosy patients LSS expanded to ___
TB
Give 4 things LSS has done around treatments after COVID
Éducation programs on COVID awareness about how it spreads
Provided 200 patients with masks and sanitisers
Provided food to families who have lost jobs
Screened 2300 patients at a mobile health clinic for covid symptoms
Where does LSS work mainly now?
Baiganwadi
Give the 3 step approach LSS has now - acronym SET
Surveys
Educates
Treats
Give 3 examples of community work that LSS does
Exhibitions about diseases like typhoid
Street theatre showing disease symptoms
DVDs played to community groups about healthcare
Give 3 things LSS focuses on with women
Sanitation - like boiling drinking water
Vermiculture for dealing with household waste to make compost which can be sold
Activities saucy as sewing to raise money
