Unit 1 - Topic 1 Flashcards
what is solar insolation
the sun’s energy
why is there more heat at the equator
more direct and intense solar insolation
why is there less heat at the poles
the rays are at a lower angle and so solar insolation is spread over a larger area and this causes less heat
give 2 ways heat is redistributed globally
pressure differences and ocean currents
why are there areas of low pressure over land masses in summer
dark surfaces on land like soil and forest heat faster in summer, heating the air above which rises and expands and gets lighter, rising further forming areas of low pressure
land heats ___ in summer and cools ___ in winter
quickly quickly
give 2 reasons it takes longer for the sea to heat up
some sunlight is reflected from the surface
and some is absorbed to 30m of depth
the sea heats ___ and cools ____
slowly
slowly
in summer, there is an area of ___ pressure over the sea
high
why is there an area of high pressure over the sea in summer
air remains cooler and denser (as the sea takes longer to heat up) and so it has a high pressure
why does wind happen
differences in pressure cause air to move
why does wind move in a circular way
the earth rotates
which direction does the wind blow in
high to low pressure
in the summer in the northern hemisphere there is ___ pressure over land/continents but at the same time in the southern hemisphere there is ___ pressure over continents
low
high
give one area of england whose climate is strongly affected by ocean currents
the isles of scilly
what is the gulf stream
a warm ocean current
what warm ocean current heats cornwall
the gulf stream
the gulf stream when heading to europe is called what
the north atlantic drift
the north atlantic drift turns into what when it hits greenland and canada and turns what direction
the labrador current - south
why does the gulf stream exist? describe the mechanisms of it
in the north atlantic cold, salty water is heavy and sinks - creates a convection current - dragging surface water downwards - drawing warmer salty water over the ocean surface from areas of the equator such as the gulf of mexico
why is the water salty and being dragged down in the north atlantic ocean
hotter water from the equator evaporates leaving a higher salt concentration in the cooler water which then flows in the north atlantic ocean
what pressure does the inter tropical convergence zone have
low pressure
what do areas of low pressure bring
rain
where does the ITCZ form
within the tropics
the ITCZ is formed where two masses of __ meet
air
how many different cells are there in the global circulation model
3
which is the largest cell in the global circulation model
hadley cell
describe how the hadley cell works
air is heated over land and rises as it expands and becomes larger - forms a low pressure area
then it cools and forms another side of high pressure
then the trade winds go from high to low pressure
in what cell are the trade winds located
the hadley cell
what is the global circulation model
a theory that explains how the atmosphere operates in a series of 3 cells each side of the equator
give the 3 names of the atmospheric cells
ferrel cell
polar cell
hadley cell
What is differential heating
Different parts of the earth heat up at different rates due to solar insolation
The solar radiation is absorbed by ___, ___ and ____
Clouds, land, seas
At higher latitudes, Solar insolation is spread over a ___ surface area
Larger
Give one other reason apart from latitudes that the poles are colder than the equator - to do with atmosphere
Radiation travels through a greater depth of atmosphere
And so more radiation is lost to scattering and absorption by gases and particles in the atmosphere
Give a reason to do with daylight that the poles are colder than the equator
There are periods of time, due to the tilt of the earth, where there is little to no daylight for parts of the year (winter)
This means the earth is radiating out heat without any incoming from the sun
Give a final reason the poles are colder than the equator to do with the type of surface in the poles
Snow, ice and thick cloud reflect allot of the sun’s radiation into space
What is another term for the reflectivity of surfaces of land
Albedo
Differential heating creates a ___ ___between the poles and equator
Thermal gradient
The warm air rising at the equator spreads out underneath the ___
Tropopause
What is the tropopause and what does it contain
A lid for the lowest part of the atmosphere
Contains all of our weather
Warm air rises, hits the tropopause and then ___ and ___
Cools and sinks
What are the smallest cells
Polar cells
Cold air descends from polar regions to ___ degrees north and south in the polar cell
60
Polar cells:
Cold air sinks, flows along the____ and then rises at around 60 degrees north and south
Land
The Ferrell cells are not driven by ___ unlike the other cells
Temperature
Ferrel cells flow in the ___ direction to the Hadley and polar cells
Opposite
Where air is rising there is an area of ____
Low pressure
Why are the largest areas of rainforest found near the equator
They are in low pressure areas - rainy areas - at the equator
Where air is descending there is an area of ____ pressure
High
High pressure leads to ____ climates
Dry
High = ____
Dry
The earth’s surface rotates __ at the equator compared to the poles
Faster
The ___ effect means that as air moves away from the equator it doesn’t move in a straight line
Coriolis
The turning effect (from the ground view) of the wind from equator north and south is due to the air passing from a region that is moving___ to one that is moving___
Faster
Slower
Winds blow ____ around low pressure and ___around high pressure
Anti clockwise
Clockwise
What is another term for the ITCZ
The doldrums - as it leaves ships stranded due to the lack of wind
Why do the westerlies and easterlies happen? Give general description
Due to the cells:
Air travels southward along the surface in the Hadley cell. But as the earth is moving slower at the top compared to the further south area it appears to be shifted towards the left (even though it isn’t) so it appears to turn
Apply this logic to all other cells
It’s opposite in the easterlies vs westerlies as the Ferrell cell travels in the opposite direction to the others
Air moving away from the equator speeds up as it gets closer to ____ in a process known as ___
The earth’s spin axis
The conservation of angular momentum
The magnitude of the coriolis force increases towards the ____due to the conservation of ___
Poles
Angular momentum
Where is the polar front jet
Between polar and Ferrell
The polar front jet is stronger in the ___ than the ___ as it is created by a ___contrast
Winter
Summer
Temperature
Wiggles in the jet stream are known as what
Depressions
Westerly winds are known as ___ winds
Trade
The trade winds in the southern hemisphere are the _____ trade winds
South east
The trade winds in the northern hemisphere are the ____trade winds
North east
Why are the Trade winds called that
They opened up trade routes between Europe and America
Westerlies are under what cell
Ferrel cell
The polar easterlies are located under what cell
The polar cell
Draw a diagram of the circulatory cells of the earth’s atmospheric circulation including easterlies and westerlies
Well done!! (Check your answer online!)
investigate the Coriolis force!!
what two substances do volcanic eruptions produce
ash and sulphur dioxide gas
what level of atmosphere can ash from volcanic eruptions reach and block out the sun
stratosphere
how does ash and gas from volcanic eruptions cool the planet if it covers the atmosphere
sunlight is reflected off the gas and ash and also stops some sunlight reaching earth’s surface
the stratosphere is above the _____
troposphere
where do clouds live (what level?)
troposphere
give an example of a volcano that erupted in 1991
mount pinatubo
when did mount pinatubo erupt?
1991
How many million tonnes of sulphur dioxide release
17
where is mount pinatubo
the Philippines
mount pinatubo cooled the planet by ___ for about ____ in ___
0.5 degrees
a year
1991
give an example of a volcanic eruption in Indonesia
tambora 1815
when did tambora erupt
1815
where is tambora volcano
indonesia
1816 was the year ________
without a summer
Tambora eruption led to what event
the year without a summer in 1816
the effects of the eruption of tambora lasted how many years
4-5
in general, how many years of effects are experienced after volcanic eruptions
only a few years
1km sized asteroids strike every ____ years
500 000
the effect of a 1km asteroid could last ____ years
5-10 ( similar to a large volcano)
sunspots appear what colour on the sun’s surface
black
more sunspots = more/less solar energy fired at earth
more
give 2 periods that people think were caused by sunspots
the little ice age and the medieval warm period
give 2 reason to doubt sunspot theory as a cause of the little ice age
greenland experienced a warmer period
the summers weren’t actually much colder than average and the sixth warmest winter in English records happened during this time - just a couple of years after the coldest on record
what is the length of time between the earth changing from circular to elliptical orbits and back again
100 000
how long is the cycle of earth’s rotational axis change
41 000 years
the orientation of earth’s access changes in a cycle every ___ years
26 000 years
give 3 ways the orientation of the earth and its orbit changes
orbit shape moves circular to elliptical
axis tilts (from upright to on its side)
axis wobbles (like a spinning top)
what is the general name for the cycles the earth undergoes in terms of its orbit and orientation
milankovitch cycles
give 3 physical pieces of evidence about past climates
fossils
landforms
ice cores
give an example of a landform
u shaped valley
what are warm periods known as
interglacials
what are colder periods known as
glacials
ice sheets contain layers of ice: ____at the bottom and ___ at the top
oldest
youngest
ice contains air bubbles - which have differing amounts of ____ which can be measured to find the composition of past climates
co2
climatologists do what to find the air bubbles trapped in the ice
drill
we know about the _____ period from ice cores which was about ___ million years ago
quaternary - 2.6
when was the last ice age
30 000 - 10 000 years ago
how can trees be used to find out about the climate of the past
tree rings can be measured
each ring on the tree is a ___ of growth for the tree
year
larger tree rings indicate what type of climate
warmer and wetter climates - more growth
smaller tree rings indicate what type of climate
cooler and drier climate
how can tree rings be used to find records of trees from thousands of years ago
fossilised trees in peat bogs can be investigated
give 3 ways human records can inform us of the past climates
old photos, drawings and paintings
dairies, books and newspapers
records of harvests, blossom times and the time of bird migration
give one reason human records like diaries aren’t very reliable
they weren’t intended to record the climate
what was the coldest time in the little ice age
1700
what was the warm period before the medieval warm period
the roman warm period - romans grew grape vines in Britain
what % of the atmosphere is nitrogen
78.1
what % of the atmosphere is co2
0.04%
what % of the atmosphere is oxygen
20.9%
what % of the atmosphere is water vapour
1%
nitrogen is important for what
plant growth
what is the greenhouse effect
the way gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun - letting heat in and preventing some from getting out
___wave radiation passes into earth’s atmosphere from the sun
short
___wave radiation is reflected back from earth and passes into space
long
methane is ___ times more powerful than CO2
21
nitrous oxide is ___ times more powerful than CO2
250
what is nitrous oxide produced by
jet engines, cars, sewage farms
methane is produced by what
melting of permafrost
farming rice in paddy fields
cattle farming
halocarbons are __ times more powerful than CO2
3 0000
what are halocarbons used for
solvents and cooling equipment and used in industry
give the 2 biggest source software carbon emissions by the UK in 2019
energy supply
transport
which two continents were responsible for highest co2 emissions per person 2016
oceania and North America
china emits __ of emissions
29%
EU, USA and Japan combined = ___% of emissions
27%
do consumers in the developing or developed world produce more CO2 per person
developed
global warming is caused by what
the enhanced greenhouse effect
sea levels rise due to ____ and ___
thermal expansion
glaciers melting
___% of the world’s valley glaciers are shrinking
90
what panel exists in the UN to deal with climate change
the intergovernmental panel on climate change
by 2100 sea levels will rise between __ and ___
30 cm and 1m
temperatures will rise between __and __ by 2100
1.1
6.4
give 3 reasons its difficult to predict the climate in the next century
we don’t know population change
we don’t know if fossil fuels will be replaced with renewables and to what extent
we don’t know if people will change their lifestyles to use less energy
give 3 things which climate change could do
make more climate refugees
make more frequent natural disasters
make more dangerous/stronger natural disasters
what is a tropical cyclone
a rotating system of clouds and storms that form and develop over tropical or subtropical waters
once a topical cyclone develops and gains a wind speed above ___ it is known as ___, or ___, or ____
118 km/h
hurricane
typhoon
cyclone
where is the word hurricane used
North America (both pacific coast and North Atlantic coast)
where is the word cyclone used
india/Indian Ocean and around Australia (South Pacific)
where is the word typhoon used
north pacific around japan’s coast
what are tropical storms measured with ( what scale)
saffir simpson hurricane scale
how many categories does the saffir Simpson scale have
5
Japan uses its own scale called what
the meteorological agency’s scale
what scale is used In Australia to measure cyclone intensity
tropical cyclone intensity scale
the saffir Simpson scale is used where
in North America and North Pacific
the saffir Simpson scale has categories based on what
wind speed
give 4 hazards associated with tropical cyclones
strong winds
storm surges
intense rainfall
landslides
what are storm surges
coastal flooding caused by unusually high tides
why do storm surges happen during cyclones
air pressure is so low so sea level is raised and waves are driven onshore
why does lots of rainfall occur in a short space of time during cyclones
thick and dense cloudsand very low air pressure
why do landslides(slumping) happen during cyclones
the ground becomes saturated and heavy and slumps down
give an example of a tropical storm name in the philippines where landslides occurred
Jangmi
what is the record for the most amount of rain in a single storm
2700mm
where do tropical cyclones form
between the tropics
what is the movement of a cyclone called
the track
what is the track of a cyclone directed by
global wind circulation
what is used to spot tropical cyclones forming
satellite photograpy
what are the areas where cyclones form called
source regions
what temperature does the ocean have to exceed for a tropical cyclone to form
26.5 degrees celcius
the deeper and broader the area of warm ocean the more ___ available for the cyclone
energy
when do cyclones form
late summer - when oceans are warmest
give 3 conditions needed for a tropical cyclone to form
ocean above 26.5
strong winds in the troposphere
the coriolis force
why are strong winds in the troposphere needed to have a cyclone form
to draw warm air up from the ocean surface
topical cyclones dont form at _____where the coriolis force is minimal
equator
why dont tropical cyclones form at the equator
there isnt a strong enough coriolis force
tropical cyclones form between __and ___ degrees latitude
5 and 30
what is the coriolis force created by
the earths rotation
tropical cyclones rely on a supply of ___, ___ air
warm, moist
warm air rising creates what
an updraft
why does warm air rise
it is lighter than cooler air and expands
where is the lowest area of pressure in a tropical cyclone
the centre
what is air ressure
the weight of air on the earth’s surface
the bigger the difference in air pressure in the cyclone vs the rest of the air around it the more what
wind
where is the lowest pressure area of a storm
at its centre ( i think its the rotating warm air around the eye)
in the eye of the storm there is ___, ___air
descending, dense air
the eye of the storm is calm/stormy
calm
give stage 1 of the formation of a tropical cyclone
warm air rises from the ocean
as warm air rises air rushes in to replace it and rises, drawn up by the air above
why does an updraft happen
warm air rises and air below it follows it upwards to replace it
what type of clouds form a cyclone
cumulonimbus
give stage 2 of the formation of tropical cyclones
updraft air has lots of water vapour which condenses forming cumulonimbus clouds
why are cumulonimbus clouds produced in the formation of a tropical cyclone
updraft air contains lots of water vapour which then condenses
what force causes the cyclone air currents to spiral
coriolis force
the coriolis force causes rotation around a centre ___ of the storm
eye
as air rises, it ___ and air ____ forming the eye of the storm
cools
descends
what is stage 4 of the formation of a tropical cyclone
the cyclone is fed by heat and moisture from the oceans and gets bigger
what happens to the cyclone as it reaches a landmass
it loses its energy
how does a cyclone decay
air pressure rises as temperature fall, winds drop, rainfall decreases - when it hits land
what is the population of bangladesh
163 million
what % of bangladesh is less than 10m above sea level
80%
give an example of a river in bangladesh
Ganges
during monsoon season, if one river floods what happens
they all flood
what is bangladesh’s rainy season called
monsoon season
what is the capital of bangladesh
dhaka
is dhaka at risk of floods
yes
give an example of a cyclone in bangladesh
cyclone amphan
when was cyclone amphan
may 2020
give 3 things which made cyclone amphan severe
rain intensity
wind strength
storm surge
on 20 May the estuary region of bangladesh received __mm of rain in a few hours
220
what was the peak wind strength in cyclone amphan
260kmph
what was air pressure in the bay of bengal (hint it was very low)
920mb
what is the average air pressure at sea level
1013mb
what is air pressure measured in
milibars
what did low pressure in the bay of bengal cause
sea level rise - a storm surge
the storm surge in storm amphan left a __m high tide
5m
how many were killed in storm amphan
20
how many were made homeless from storm amphan
500 000
what % of people displaced after storm amphan were from bangladesh’s lowest income groups
90%
how many hectares of farmland was flooded
176 000
how were crops killed by storm surges
they were flooded with salt water
over how many people were affected (by damage to homes or livelihoods)
1 million
a year after the storm how many people were still displaced
thousands
amphan caused migration to ___
dhaka
amphan caused long term damage to children how
made it hard to resume normal schooling
what jobs did people who migrated to dhaka after amphan get
low skilled labouring jobs
pulling rickshaws
give 3 possible impact categories of cyclone amphan
social economic and environmental
give 3 environmental impacts of the cyclone amphan
loss of animals
sickness
mangrove forests damaged
what did loss of animals due to cyclone amphan lead to
loss of animal dung as a fuel source
what did loss of animal dung as a fuel source lead to
pressure on firewood sources for cooking fuel
what is the issue with using firewood instead of dung as cooking fuel
rising population in Bangladesh means firewood forests are already in decline
give 2 example of a sickness that resulted from cyclone amphans effects
typhoid and malaria
why did typhoid come as a result of cyclone amphan
flooding contaminated freshwater with sewage
why did malaria come as a result of cyclone amphan
moist air brought mosquitoes
what is the name of an area of mangrove forest in Bangladesh
the sundarbans
what is the mangrove forest called the sundarbans home to
the royal Bengal tiger
how many km of mud embankments in the sundurbans burst
150km
true or false: no tigers were killed during cyclone amphan
false - some were killed by drowning
what % of Bangladesh’s population lives below the poverty line
22%
who are the poorest in society - give a job category
landless labourers - in particular women
why are landless labourers at risk from cyclones
they live on flood prone land (cheaper as less desirable) in poorly built housing
why do many landless labourers live by the roads
they are built on embankments designed to protect from floods
Bangladesh suffers __% of the worlds death and damage caused by cyclones
85%
give 4 methods of protection Bangladesh has developed
forecasting using satellite technology
warning systems
evacuation strategies
storm surge defences
what group in Bangladesh issues weather forecasts on tv and radio
bangladesh’s meteorological department
what is an issue with weather forecasts and warnings being on tv and radio
few outside Dhaka have access to tv and radio
households with radios have ___ death rates than those without
lower
in 2019 what was mobile phone ownership rate in Bangladesh
54 per 100 people
weather forecasting is cheap/expensive
expensive
how much do digital images from US, Chinese and japanese satellites cost
12 million USD per year
when did Bangladesh launch its first space satellite
2018
how much did Bangladesh’s first space satellite cost
248 million usd
how many people did cyclone chola kill I n 1970
300 000
the government has developed a late/early warning system
early
how many cyclone warning volunteers are there
50 000
give 3 ways the early warning system works to protect and evacuate coastal communities
awareness campaigns
leaflets
village meetings
film shows
demonstrations to explain cyclone warning signals
give 2 defences against cyclones built by Bangladesh in recent years
cyclone shelters and coastal embankments
how many cyclone shelters are there
3500
up to how many people can cyclone shelters take
5000
death rates are times __ in areas with no cyclone shelters
2
how many km of coastline does Bangladesh have
400km
what do embankments protect against
storm surges
are there enough cyclone shelters in Bangladesh
no
main roads are built on what in Bangladesh
embankments
give 4 challenge to warning systems in Bangladesh
illiteracy - some don’t understand warnings
some believe in ‘wait and see’ instead of going to cyclone shelters
many fear losing property
previous false warnings limit those willing to evacuate
name 2 areas of coast at risk of hurricanes in North America
Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of Florida
florida has a ___% chance that a hurricane will make landfall each year
22
what is it called when a cyclone hits land
it makes landfall
where is the northernmost point cyclones in North America can reach
New York
over ___ weather satellites operate every day in use
20
what is mobile phone ownership per 100 people in the USA
134
what is the centre responsible for forecasting and educating about cyclones in Miami
the national hurricane centre in Miami
give the two jobs of the national hurricane centre in Miami
issue forecasts and warnings of hazardous weather
educate people about tropical cyclones
when did one satellite fail to work and during what storm
October 2012
hurricane sandy
when the satellite failed in hurricane sandy what took over
a back up satellite that was very old and only gave broad predictions about sandy’s track
what back up back up system was used for hurricane sandy
a uk weather forecasting centre in reading
sandy was the second ____ storm in us history due to damage caused
costliest
give an example of an area in Florida which is classified into risk zones
fort Myers
how many categories are there in the classification system of risk zones in fort Myers
4
how are storm surge hazards assessed to give risk zone categories
height of the area above sea level
give 2 things which areas can be risk assessed for
high winds and storm surges
when was hurricane Katrina
2005
what cyclone happened in 2005
Katrina
how many people did hurricane Katrina kill
1833
what areas did hurricane Katrina affect
the Louisiana coast - New Orleans
how many usd of damage did hurricane Katrina cause
108 billion usd
what % of New Orleans was flooded by the 4m high storm surge
80%
why did so much of New Orleans flood in hurricane Katrina
the collapse of levees (artificial river embankments)
why did levees in New Orleans collapse
government spending cuts had left the levees poorly maintained
how many people were evacuated in hurricane Katrina 2005
1 million
give 3 vulnerable groups who were left behind in the evacuation effort during hurricane Katrina
poor, elderly, homeless, prisoners abandoned by evacuating guards
what hurricane happened in 2021
ida
when did hurricane ida happen
2021
how many billion dollars of damage did hurricane ida cause
50 billion USD
how many deaths were caused by hurricane ida
95
give 2 ways response to hurricane ida improved compared to Katrina
embankments had been repaired after Katrina and held
evacuation plans targeted the most vulnerable
give 6. layers of the earth
lithosphere
asthenosphere
upper mantle
lower mantle
outer core
inner core
give the 2 types of crust of the earth
oceanic and continental
what is the lithosphere
the uppermost layer - the very top of the mantle and crust
the lithosphere is ___and ____
cool and brittle
which is thicker - continental or oceanic crust
continental
what are fragments of the crust called
tectonic plates
tectonic plates move on a layer called what
the asthenosphere
what type of rock is continental crust made from
granite
what type of rock is oceanic crust made from
basalt
how do you remember that oceanic crust is made from basalt
there are two as in basalt and two cs in oceanic
how do you remember that continental crust is made from granite
continental crust is grand, great, grande(large) like gran-ite
granite is what type of rock
igneous
is granite low or high density
low
how thick is continental crust
30-50km thick
how many km thick is oceanic crust
6-8km
oceanic crust is less or more dense than continental
more
what type of rock is basalt
igneous
what is a piece of direct evidence for the existence of the asthenosphere
tectonic plates move
what is the asthenosphere made of
partly solid and partly molten rock
the mantle is the ____layer by volume
largest
the mantle is mostly ___rock
solid
how do we know about the mantle
sometimes the top of the mantle is attached to overturned crust
how can we know about the states of matter in earth from a type of wave
seismic waves - speed up, change direction or stop when they meet new layers of the earth
some wave travel easily through the crust, mantle and inner core, but not the outer core - what does this tell us?
the core could be liquid rather than solid
what is the mantle made of (rock name)
peridotite
what is the state of the outer core
liquid
what is the core made of
iron and nickel
what is the hottest part of the earth
the inner core
what is the state of the inner core
solid
as you get closer to the core temperature increases/decreases
increases
why do scientists think the core is iron and nickel
meteorites - some of which are iron meteorites which contain lumps of iron and nickel which could be shattered remnants of the core of a planet
give 2 ways we know that the earth is hot on the inside
molten lava - volcanoes
hot springs/geysers
what is heat from inside earth called
geothermal heat
what is the heat inside earth caused by
radioactive decay in the core
what elements are decaying in the core
uranium and thorium
why is the inner core solid
its so deep and so under huge pressure
heat rising from the core creates what in the outer core and mantle
convection currents
what moves tectonic plates
convection currents
what is it called when heat moves towards the surface
plumes
what are plumes
concentrated zones of heat
at a divergent plate margin plates are moving together/apart
apart
at a convergent plate margin plates are moving together/apart
together
the mantle is less/more dense at the plumes
less
plumes bring what to the surface
magma
if magma breaks through the crust what is it then called
lava
plumes that form as columns of heat are called what
hot spots
give 2 examples of hotspots
hawaii and Yellowstone USA
plumes which rise and move along the crust like long sheets form what type of plate boundary
divergent
what is the invisible magnetic field of the earth called
the magnetosphere
why does the aurora borealis happen
radiation from space hits the magnetosphere - and lights up the sky
what does the magnetosphere protect us from
harmful radiation (from space and the sun)
what is the magnetic field of the earth made by
the outer core
how does the outer core create a magnetic field
liquid iron flows and creates an electrical dynamo
what was the supercontinent of earth called
Pangea
what type of continent is Pangea
a supercontinent
give 1 piece of evidence that Pangea once existed
identical rocks and fossils have been found in west Africa and eastern South America
how many large tectonic plates are there
15
draw convection currents in a diagram on a whiteboard
check online!
what are conservative plate boundaries
when two plates slide against each other
what is it called when two plates meet
a plate boundary
most ___ and ___are found at plate boundaries
earthquakes and volcanoes
what plate is the uk on
Eurasian plate
what type of plate boundary is the mid Atlantic ridge
divergent
what type of plate boundary goes through Iceland
divergent
give an example of a convergent plate boundary
the pacific ring of fire
give an example of a conservative plate boundary
san Andreas fault (in california)
which is older: continental crust or oceanic crust?
continental
ADD TO THIS WITH KNOWLEDGE ABOUT VOLCANOES AND TECTONICS FROM FOLDER OR ONLINE
how old is most continental crust
3-4billion yearsh
how old is oldest oceanic crust
180 million years old at oldest
why is oceanic crust younger
it is constantly being destroyed and reforming
describe the process of oceanic crust being destroyed and reformed at divergent boundaries
convergent currents bring magma up from the mantle
it is injected between separating plates
magma cools and forms crust
plates move further apart and process repeats
old oceanic crust is destroyed by what process at convergent plate boundaries
subduction
what is subduction
oceanic crust sinking into the mantle and melting back into it
why isn’t continental crust destroyed constantly
it is less dense so isn’t subducted
give 2 examples of tectonic hazards
earthquakes and volcanoes
why do earthquakes form at conservative boundaries
as plates rub against each other the friction causes earthquakes
earthquakes are common/rare at conservative boundaries
rare
why are earthquakes at conservative plate boundaries so destructive
they are shallow - close to the surface
what two plates are sliding against each other in the San Andreas fault
North American and pacific plates
are there any volcanoes at conservative boundaries
no
what two plates are pulling apart at the mid Atlantic ridge
eurasian and North American oceanic plate
are earthquakes at divergent boundaries generally large or small
small
what type of lava do volcanoes at divergent boundaries erupt
basalt lava
where do volcanoes occur at divergent boundaries
at fissures - cracks in the crust
what is the technical name for cracks in the crust
fissures
are volcanoes dangerous and explosive at divergent boundaries
not really
at conservative boundaries there are earthquakes up to ___magnitude
8.5
give an example of a convergent plate boundary in South America
the andes mountains in Peru and Chile
what two plates are interacting in the convergent boundary in South America
the south american and nazca
which plate is subducted at the convergent fault in the andes
nazca plate - as South American is continental
at convergent boundaries ___can form - for example at the andes mountains fault
tsunamis
at convergent plate boundaries earthquakes are weak/strong/very strong
very strong
tsunamis are a result of ____
earthquakes
what is the shape of volcanoes which form at convergent boundaries
cone shaped and steep sided
what type of lava do volcanoes at convergent boundaries form
andesite
both earthquakes and volcanoes at convergent boundaries are very _____
destructive
the Himalayas are at a ____zone
collision
give an example of a collision zone
the Himalayas
what two plates are pushing into each other at the Himalayas collision zone
indian and eurasian plates - both continental
in collision zones two ___plates push into each other
continental
earthquakes at Collision zones are not powerful/very powerful
very powerful
what can be triggered by earthquakes in collision zones
landslides
volcanoes at collision zones are common/very rare
very rare
what do collision zones form
mountain ranges
earthquakes happen on ___in the crust in collision zones
faults
give an example of an earthquake at a collision zone
2015 earthquake in nepal
at divergent plate boundaries what type of lava emerges
basalt lava
basalt lava is hot/cold and viscous/runny
hot and runny
basalt lava forms lava ____
flows
what side type volcanoes does basalt lava form
shallow sided volcanoes
what are earthquakes caused by divergent plate boundaries
friction as plates pull apart
earthquakes at divergent boundaries cause lots/not much damage
not much
what are tectonic hazards
events caused by the movement of the earths plates that affect people and property
at convergent plate boundaries oceanic plate are ____and sink, melting and creating magma called ____
subducted
andesite
when the less dense oceanic plate is subducted it drags ____with it
sea water
____ makes the magma less dense (as an oceanic plate is subducted at a convergent boundary) and so it rises in ____towards continental crust
sea water
plumes
why are volcanoes so explosive at convergent plate boundaries
water in the magma erupts as steam and makes it very explosive
volcanic ash and volcanic bombs are known as what collectively
pyroclasts
pyroclasts are often blasted out of volcanoes at ____plate boundaries
convergent
how do earthquakes happen at convergent plate boundaries
sometimes the subducted plate sticks to the continental plate and pressure builds, and is finally released as a violent earthquake as the plates snap
earthquakes are more destructive if they are deep/shallow
shallow
what is a way of measuring the destructive power of a volcano
the volcanic explosively index
what is the scale of the volcanic explosivity index to and from
1 to 8
Japan is on a ____bounary
convergent
what plate is being subducted around japan
the pacific plate
what two plates form the convergent plate boundary in Japan
pacific and eurasian plates
what type of volcano is sakurajima
stratovolcano
give the name of a stratovolcano in Japan
sakurajima
what is an alternative name for a stratovolcano
a composite volcano
what is another name for a composite volcano
a stratovolcano
what are the primary effects of a volcano - definition
things caused instantly by the eruption
eg lava, acid rain or earthquakes
give an example of a secondary effect of a volcano
disease or food and water shortage
what are the secondary effects of a volcano
effects in the hours to weeks after an eruption
give 2 negative effects of sakurajima
poisonous gases bring acid rain - kills plants
layers of Ash and lava bury houses and farmland
what % of the land around sakurajima is fertile volcanic soil
40
what 2 things is the fertile volcanic soil around sakurajima used for
growing tea and rice
how many people live at the base of sakurajima
7 000
what is a nearby heavily populated area near to sakurajima with a population of 650 000 which could be damaged by an eruption
Kagoshima
how many km cubed of ash erupt from sakurajima each year
30
volcanic bombs can reach ___km from the crater of sakurajima
3
there are not many/lots of urban areas around Kagoshima bay where sakurajima is located
lots of
give 2 things which are tourist attractions around sakurajima
hot springs and lava flows
the area around sakurajima is a ____park
national park
Kagoshima bay has an important ____industry
fishing
why is Kagoshima bay good for fishing
it is a sheltered bay
the eruptions of sakurajima can/cannot be predicted
can
Japan is a developed country and so can spend money on what 3 things to limit the damage of sakurajima
monitoring, protection and evacuation
when sakurajima erupts it rarely/often causes deaths
rarely
what 2 things limit economic damage from damage to property caused by sakurajima
many people have insurance
and the government covers some repairs
In developed countries there is more economic or social damage from volcanoes
economic
a composite volcano is caused by layers of ____
lava
what is a lahsar
a volcanic mudslide - mix of rain/snow and volcanic ash
how does ash fall damage property
it builds up on roofs and causes buildings to collapse
what can lava bombs do to humans
can kill them - if they are close to the crater
what are pyroclastic flows
fast moving clouds of hot ash and gas
name 6 volcanic hazards
acid rain
pyroclastic flow
lava flow
lahars
ash fall
lava bombs
(eruption cloud of ash and gas)
how fast can pyroclastic flows move
200kmph
how are aircraft used to monitor volcanic activity
measure the amount of gas the volcano gives off
how can the swelling of the volcano as it fills up with lava be monitored
with a tiltmeter
tiltmeters detect what
when the volcano swells as it fills with magma
what measures water temperature as magma heats it up
boreholes
what do boreholes measuer
water temperature as magma heats it
what measures tremors/minor earthquakes in the volcano
seismometers
as magma rises there are more ___ which are measured by seismometers
tremors
how can the amount of gas the volcano gives off be measured
with aeroplane patrols
___are monitored around a volcano
hot springs
give 3 protection methods present in sakurajima
concrete shelters
concrete lahar channels
evacuation routes clearly signposted + regular drills
what do concrete shelters in sakurajima prevent
volcanic bombs and ash dropping on you and killing you
what do concrete lahar channels protect against
dangerous mudflows
give 5 monitoring methods used at sakurajima
aircraft
tiltmeters
seismometers
boreholes
hot springs monitored
give 5 reasons people are at greater risk from volcanoes in poorer countries
building in risky areas
people live in cheaper, badly built houses
insurance is unaffordable
reliance on aid for warning systems
road and telecommunications are poor
why does building take place in risky locations in poorer countries
there are few affordable places to live - its cheaper
why do many people in poorer countries live in buildings more at risk of collapse
safe, well built houses are expensive
what does poor road and telecommunications in poorer countries mean for the effectiveness of evacuation efforts
they are less effective as warnings may not be heard
eruptions of nyiragongo are frequent/infrequent but last a short/long time
infrequent
long
nyiragongo’s eruption began in ___and was still going on in ____
2002, 2021
what type of volcano is mount nyiragongo
A large stratovolcano
what is the nearby city to mount nyiragongo
goma
lava from nyiragongo covered ___% of goma
40
how many schools were covered with lava from nyiragongo
45
half of the ____was cut off by lava from mount nyiragongo
airport
the supply of ___and ___to Goma was cut off by lava from mount nyiragongo
water and electricity
what type of lava erupted from mount nyiragongo
basalt
how many people died from the eruption of nyiragongo in 2002
100
give 3 social impacts of the eruption of mount nyiragongo in 2002
12 500 homes destroyed (by lava and earthquakes)
400 000 people evacuated
mains water supply disrupted
how many homes were destoryed by the eruption of nyiragongo
12 500
the eruption in 2002 nyiragongo was/was not predicted
was predicted
when people were evacuated from the eruption of nyiragongo they moved to overcrowded ___camps
refugee
what did disruption to the mains water after the eruption of nyiragongo lead to fears of
the spread of disease
give 2 economic impacts of the eruption of nyiragongo
farmers lost income from acid rain damaging crops
many couldnt afford to rebuild their homes due to poverty
how many were homeless when they returned to goma after the eruption of nyiragongo
120 000
what country is mount nyiragongo located
democratic republic of the congo
what type of plate boundary is mount nyiragongo
divergent
refugees from goma due to mount nyiragongo went to what country
over the border to rwanda
what did the un do to help victims of mt nyiragongo
260 tonnes of food rations given in the first week
what did the uk do to help victims of mt nyiraongo
a tv appeal was set up to raise money
how much money did governments around the world give in aid to the victims of nyiragongo
35 million USD
the gas content of andesite lava is high/low
high
the viscosity of andesite lava is high/low
high
andesite lava volcanoes tend to be very ___due to the high gas and viscosity
high
andesite lava forms a ____ due to intermediate viscosity
dome
basaltic lava is very/not very viscous
not very
basaltic lava is __and ___
thin and runny
basalt lava is high in ___which gives it a low viscosity
silica
what type of lava does nyiragongo have
basalt lava - low gas content and viscosity
is nyiragongo very explosive
no
is sakurajima very explosive
yes
why is nyiragongo not very explosive
it has basalt lava with a low viscsosity
give 4 volcanic hazards at sakurajima
lava flows
pyroclastic flows
volcanic bombs
ash falls
give 2 volcanic hazards of mount nyiragongo
lava flows and gas emissions
the lava from the lava lake in the crater of mount nyiragongo is fast/slow moving and high/low volume when it is drained
fast - and high volume
the world bank funded a monitoring program for nyiragongo with _______
Goma Volcano observatory
what is the population of people living near nyiragongo
1.5 million
major eruptions from sakurajima are once every ___ to ___ years
200-300
what is a volcano observatory
where scientists use monitoring equipment to predict future eruptions
when nyiragongo erupted in 2021 how many people died
32
what was the main reason people died in 2021 when nyiragongo erupted
traffic collisions as people rushed to evacuate
currently the world bank is/is not longer funding the goma volcano observatory
no longer
in 2020, a rise in the lava lake led them to predict an eruption between __and ___
2024 and 2027
how does lake kivu threaten goma
gases like co2 and sulphur get trapped in lake muds
which can be shaken free by earthquakes
an lead to suffocation of some people by breathing in these gases
what can make gases trapped in the lake muds in lake kivu near Goma be released
earthquakes
when did 1700 people die from suffocation from co2 released from lake nyos in Cameroon
2005
how many people died in 2005 from co2 released from lake nyos in Cameroon
1700
can earthquakes be predicted?
no - or at least not really
what is an earthquake
a sudden release of energy when tectonic plates try to push past each other (with friction and building up pressure) along fractures
what scale does a seismometer measure the magnitude of an earthquake
Richter scale
the Richter scale is linear/logarithmic
logarithmic
as the Richter scale is logarithmic, a magnitude 6 earthquake is ___times stronger than a magnitude 5 one
10
energy travels from where in an earthquake
the focus
what is the focus of an earthquake
the origin
the shallower the ____the more destructive the earthquake
focus
what is the name for the location of the earth’s surface above the focus
the epicentre
what is the epicentre
the earths surface just above the focus
the epicentre experiences the most/least shaking
most
what is a tsunami generated by
earthquakes beneath the sea bed
up to magnitude __, earthquakes aren’t felt
2
up to magnitude ___deaths from earthquakes are rare
5
magnitudes __to___are massively devastating
7-8
tsunamis are waves that can travel up to ___km/h
900
as tsunamis approach the coast, wave height increases/decreases up to ___m
increases
30
tsunamis can/can’t be detected but these are only effective systems if the epicentre is some distance/close to from the coast so there is time to prepare
can
some distance from
all countries affected by the 2011 tsunami which struck Japan were warned by ___systems in the ___ocean
early warning
pacific
describe the process of a tsunami forming
earthquake
tsunami waves spread out in all directions
as seabed gets shallower the waves slow down due to friction and wave height increases dramatically
as the seabed gets shallower closer to the close, there is more ___so the tsunami slows down and waves get taller/shorter
friction
taller
when did a 7.0 magnitude earthquake hit Haiti
2010 12 January
what magnitude earthquake hit Haiti in 2010 12th January
7.0
what country did a 7.0 magnitude earthquake hit on 12 jan 2010
haiti
on march 11 2011 a ___magnitude earthquake hit Sendai in Japan
9.0
where did a 9.0 magnitude earthquake hit in 2011 march 11
sendai in Japan
when did a 9.0 magnitude earthquake hit sendai in Japan
11 march 2011
what type of boundary was the earthquake in sendai
convergent
how many km from the coast was the epicentre of the earthquake in sendai, Japan 2011
70km
how many km deep was the focus of the earthquake in sendai Japan on march 11 2011
30km
how many nuclear power stations were fractured by the earthquake in sendai
2
how many dams collapsed in the earthquake in sendai in 2011
1
how many billion dollars of damage did the tsunami and earthquake cause sendai in Japan
235 billion dollars of damage
the earthquake sendai, Japan was the ____disaster in history
costliest
what motorway was badly damaged by the earthquake
Tohoku
what airport was closed by the tsunami
sendai airport
what % of deaths due to the tsunami as a result of the earthquake in sendai Japan were due to drowning
93
how many died due to the earthquake in 2011 in sendai
15 900
how many were made homeless as a result of the sendai earthquake
350 000
two nuclear reactors went into ___as flooding damaged cooling systems
meltdown
most people displaced by the earthquake were/werent rehoused
were
businesses were disrupted by ___, ___and ___
damage, clearance and rebuilding
give 3 long term effects of sendai
unemployment, homelessness and disruption to schooling
how deep was the focus of the earthquake at Port au Prince, Haiti
13km
how many km from Port au Prince was the epicentre of the earthquake
25km
what is the population of Port au Prince
2.5 million
How many died due to the Port au Prince 2010 earthquake
316 000
How many were injured due to the 2010 Haiti earthquake
300 000
How many were made homeless due to the Haiti 2010 earthquake
1 million people
Rubble from collapsed buildings blocked____and __links in Haiti in 2010
Road and rail
Major roads and communication links and the port in Haiti were damaged a bit/significantly/beyond repair
Beyond repair
Give a secondary effect of the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 to do with water
Over 8 000 people were killed by a cholera outbreak
The port in Haiti was destroyed by the 2010 earthquake which made it hard for what to get to the area
Aid
1 in __ jobs were lost due to the earthquake in 2010 in Haiti
5
Why were 1 in 5 jobs lost in Haiti due to the earthquake
Clothing factories were damaged
Clothing factories were over __% of Haitian exports
60
By ___most displaced by the 2010 earthquake had been rehoused
2015
Give 3 ways japan prepares for an earthquake
Earthquake drills annually
Many buildings are earthquake proof
Tsunami walls protect the coast
What is the probability of a magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Japan in the next 30 years
70%
During earthquake drills each year in japan emergency services practice doing what
Rescuing people
At home in japan people keep an earthquake kit with____, ____a __and a ___
Water
Food
Torch
Radio
What is shut off automatically in case of an earthquake in many buildings in japan
Gas supplies
Give 6 ways a building can be protected against an earthquake
A pendulum in the roof acts as a damper reducing sway
Cross bracing stops floors collapsing
Shock absorbers are built into cross bracing
A strong flexible steel frame encases the building
Strong double glazing on windows stops glass shattering down
Very deep foundations
What do strong double glazed windows prevent
Glass showering down
The pendulum damper in roofs of earthquake protected buildings does what
Reduces sway
What are built into cross braces in earthquake proof buildings
Shock absorbers
In Bam in Iran in 2003 many died due to what after an earthquake hit
They were trapped in poorly built mud brick homes in the densely populated city
Landslides are a secondary/primary effect of earthquakes
Secondary
Tsunamis are a secondary/primnary effect of earthquakes
Secondary
Is Nepal a poor or rich country
Poor - one of the poorest in Asia
Nepal is mostly an urban/rural counrty
Rural
Nepal is surrounded by what
The himalayas
Himalayas is the world biggest/second biggest mountain range
Himalayas
What kind of plate boundary is Haiti on
A conservative plate boundary
What year was Nepal hit by two earthquakes, one a month after the other
2015
What two plates is Nepal on
Indian and Eurasian plates
How many died due to the earthquakes in Nepal in 2015
9107
Give 2 secondary effects of the 2015 earthquake in Nepal
Landslide and an avalanche on Mount Everest
How many were killed by a landslide in langtang valley in Nepal in 2015 as a secondary effect of the earthquake
329
How many were injured by the nepalese earthquakes of 2015
23 000
How many were made homeless as a result of the Nepalese earthquake in 2015
Several hundred thousand
Give 2 things destroyed by the earthquake in Nepal in 2015 which caused health risks
Drinking water supplies and sanitation drains
What are aftershocks of an earthquake caused by
The fault settling into a new position
Aftershocks can cause more destruction even if they are less powerful - why?
They can destroy buildings weakened by teh first earthquake
The delivery of international relief for the 2015 earthquake in Nepal was hindered by what
The airport in Kathmandu being closed - called the Tribhuvan International airport
Rebuilding costs were estimated at __% of Nepal’s gdp
35
Half of the money for rebuilding was given by the _______to Nepal after 2015 quake
Asia développement bank
____was delayed or prevented by the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and many rural families lost the year’s income as a result
Crop planting
___world heritage site temples were destroyed in the Kathmandu region
30
Give 4 international relief efforts for the Nepal 2015 effort
UN provided blankets, tents, water and hygiene kits
India provided troops to search for people and clear rubble
UK donated financial aid
US and china gave helicopters to access isolated mountain areas
How much aid did the uk government give to Nepal to help the relief effort in 2015
51 million - and 80 million was given by the British public
Give 5 ways buildings can be made cheaply and to withstand earthquakes
Cross bracing of wood/bamboo frame
Lightweight thatch roof
Concrete ring to tie walls to foundations
Simple steel rod foundations
Walls made of mud and straw between wooden stats
