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HK 340 > Unit 3 - Physical Activity & Depression > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Physical Activity & Depression Flashcards

1
Q

a common, serious mood disorder that can interfere with ability to work, eat, sleep, socialize, or otherwise participate in one’s life.

A

depression

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2
Q

Depression is a mental disorder defined as a ____________, meaning it is a disorder of mood regulation beyond usual variations between sadness and happiness/excitement.

A

mood disturbance

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3
Q

The 12-month prevalence rate of depression is ___%

A

9

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4
Q

Depression can either be clinical or nonclinical and depends on _________ and symptom _________-.

A

severity, duration

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5
Q

Major depression may be diagnosed when ______ or more of the symptoms have been present during the same ______ period and represent a change from previous functioning. At least one of the symptoms is depressed _______ or loss of interest or pleasure.

A

five, 2-week, mood

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6
Q

___-___% of US adults suffer some diagnosable mental illness.

A

20-25

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7
Q

_________ typically have a higher prevalence of depression.

A

females

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8
Q

Lifetime prevalence for any mood disorder is ____%.

A

17.5

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9
Q

Mental illnesses rank ________ only to cardiovascular problems in disease burden.

A

second

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10
Q

Mood disorders rank within the top ____ causes of disability worldwide.

A

10

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11
Q

Depression is caused by an interaction between biological, psychosocial, and experience factors in response to _________.

A

stressor

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12
Q

States that depression caused by deficiency in neurotransmitters

A

Monoamine Hypothesis

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13
Q

Depression is often accompanied by low levels of __________.

A

BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor)

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14
Q

It is important to understand causes for __________ and _________ of effective and appropriate treatments for depression.

A

development, refinement

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15
Q

People are reluctant to seek treatment for depression due to social stigma – only ___% receive treatment.

A

55

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16
Q

_______ is found to be the most effective form of treatment for depression.

A

exercise

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17
Q

Goodwin (2003) found that greater frequency of PA resulted in a ________ likelihood of depression.

A

lower

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18
Q

More than ___ hours of PA can reduce the risk for those with genetic risk of developing depression.

A

3

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19
Q

Replacing moderate PA with _______ PA can reduce odds of developing depression.

A

vigorous

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20
Q

Galper et al. (2006) found that _____ fitness individuals had lowest symptoms of depression.

A

high

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21
Q

Mammen & Faulkner (2013) reducing PA ________ risk of developing depression.

A

increases

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22
Q

Farmer et al. (1988) found that __________ at baseline is a strong predictor of depression at follow-up.

A

inactivity

23
Q

Mobily et al. (1996) found that older individuals reported _______ depression at baseline.

A

greater

24
Q

There are fewer self-reported symptoms of depression with _______ PA or exercise frequency.

A

greater

25
Q

_______ minutes of exercise per week seems to offer protection against depression.

A

60

26
Q

Depression is associated with greater risk of _______.

A

inactivity

27
Q

Gerber et al. found that more __________ physical activity will help modify stress, help you sleep better, and reduce the severity of depressive symptoms.

A

vigorous

28
Q

Fink et al. found that hippocampal volume _________, and changes in hippocampal volume are associated with _________ in depressive symptoms.

A

increased, reduction

29
Q

______ decreases depression better than no treatment.

A

exercise

30
Q

Exercise is as effective as ______ treatments.

A

traditional

31
Q

Exercise and ________ yield the best depression reduction.

A

psychotherapy

32
Q

Exercise could be ______ treatment.

A

cost-effective

33
Q

Exercise increased physical ________.

A

health.

34
Q

Greist et al. (1979) found that ________ was as effective as psychotherapy in patients with minor clinical depression.

A

running

35
Q

Blumenthal et al., (1999) found that medication, exercise treatment, and combination of both all ________ depressive symptoms.

A

decreased

36
Q

Hoffman et al. (2007) found that the medication group was the _____ effective.

A

least

37
Q

Both aerobic and resistance exercises are effective in ________ depression.

A

reducing

38
Q

What is the best duration of exercise to reduce depressive symptoms?

A

between 45-60 mins

39
Q

______ is a cheaper alternative to traditional medication methods.

A

exercise

40
Q

Exercise combined with other ______ can decrease the level of medications necessary.

A

therapies

41
Q

States that there is a link between physical activity and depression because we have become less active causing more mental illness problems.

A

Anthropological hypothesis

42
Q

According to Johnsgard (1989) we are genetically predisposed to be _________.

A

physically active

43
Q

States that during stress (e.g., exercise), the body produces endorphins (natural painkillers)

A

Endorphin hypothesis

44
Q

Endorphins may reduce ________ and ________.

A

depression, anxiety

45
Q

Naloxone and endorphins can both attach to the same receptors, but _________ prevents ________- from being released.

A

naloxone, endorphins

46
Q

More recent research shows opioid receptor activation in specific brain regions and associated changes in affect following ______–.

A

exercise

47
Q

Endocannabinoids may be one of the reasons that ________ can help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression.

A

exercise

48
Q

Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine all have been implicated in __________, and exercise influences them.

A

emotion regulation

49
Q

synthesis of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

50
Q

There is typically reduced tissue _________ associated with depression.

A

volume

51
Q

States that a sense of accomplishment or mastery happens upon task completion and that PA may be important in helping with the loss of pleasurable engagement inherent in depression

A

mastery hypothesis

52
Q

states that exercise either increases positive affective states of reduces negative affective states

A

affect regulation hypothesis

53
Q

states that exercise provides opportunity for interaction with others, but cannot be the sole explanation

A

social interaction hypothesis

HK 340 (9 decks)

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