Unit 3 - Physical Activity & Depression Flashcards
a common, serious mood disorder that can interfere with ability to work, eat, sleep, socialize, or otherwise participate in one’s life.
depression
Depression is a mental disorder defined as a ____________, meaning it is a disorder of mood regulation beyond usual variations between sadness and happiness/excitement.
mood disturbance
The 12-month prevalence rate of depression is ___%
9
Depression can either be clinical or nonclinical and depends on _________ and symptom _________-.
severity, duration
Major depression may be diagnosed when ______ or more of the symptoms have been present during the same ______ period and represent a change from previous functioning. At least one of the symptoms is depressed _______ or loss of interest or pleasure.
five, 2-week, mood
___-___% of US adults suffer some diagnosable mental illness.
20-25
_________ typically have a higher prevalence of depression.
females
Lifetime prevalence for any mood disorder is ____%.
17.5
Mental illnesses rank ________ only to cardiovascular problems in disease burden.
second
Mood disorders rank within the top ____ causes of disability worldwide.
10
Depression is caused by an interaction between biological, psychosocial, and experience factors in response to _________.
stressor
States that depression caused by deficiency in neurotransmitters
Monoamine Hypothesis
Depression is often accompanied by low levels of __________.
BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor)
It is important to understand causes for __________ and _________ of effective and appropriate treatments for depression.
development, refinement
People are reluctant to seek treatment for depression due to social stigma – only ___% receive treatment.
55
_______ is found to be the most effective form of treatment for depression.
exercise
Goodwin (2003) found that greater frequency of PA resulted in a ________ likelihood of depression.
lower
More than ___ hours of PA can reduce the risk for those with genetic risk of developing depression.
3
Replacing moderate PA with _______ PA can reduce odds of developing depression.
vigorous
Galper et al. (2006) found that _____ fitness individuals had lowest symptoms of depression.
high
Mammen & Faulkner (2013) reducing PA ________ risk of developing depression.
increases
Farmer et al. (1988) found that __________ at baseline is a strong predictor of depression at follow-up.
inactivity
Mobily et al. (1996) found that older individuals reported _______ depression at baseline.
greater
There are fewer self-reported symptoms of depression with _______ PA or exercise frequency.
greater
_______ minutes of exercise per week seems to offer protection against depression.
60
Depression is associated with greater risk of _______.
inactivity
Gerber et al. found that more __________ physical activity will help modify stress, help you sleep better, and reduce the severity of depressive symptoms.
vigorous
Fink et al. found that hippocampal volume _________, and changes in hippocampal volume are associated with _________ in depressive symptoms.
increased, reduction
______ decreases depression better than no treatment.
exercise
Exercise is as effective as ______ treatments.
traditional
Exercise and ________ yield the best depression reduction.
psychotherapy
Exercise could be ______ treatment.
cost-effective
Exercise increased physical ________.
health.
Greist et al. (1979) found that ________ was as effective as psychotherapy in patients with minor clinical depression.
running
Blumenthal et al., (1999) found that medication, exercise treatment, and combination of both all ________ depressive symptoms.
decreased
Hoffman et al. (2007) found that the medication group was the _____ effective.
least
Both aerobic and resistance exercises are effective in ________ depression.
reducing
What is the best duration of exercise to reduce depressive symptoms?
between 45-60 mins
______ is a cheaper alternative to traditional medication methods.
exercise
Exercise combined with other ______ can decrease the level of medications necessary.
therapies
States that there is a link between physical activity and depression because we have become less active causing more mental illness problems.
Anthropological hypothesis
According to Johnsgard (1989) we are genetically predisposed to be _________.
physically active
States that during stress (e.g., exercise), the body produces endorphins (natural painkillers)
Endorphin hypothesis
Endorphins may reduce ________ and ________.
depression, anxiety
Naloxone and endorphins can both attach to the same receptors, but _________ prevents ________- from being released.
naloxone, endorphins
More recent research shows opioid receptor activation in specific brain regions and associated changes in affect following ______–.
exercise
Endocannabinoids may be one of the reasons that ________ can help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression.
exercise
Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine all have been implicated in __________, and exercise influences them.
emotion regulation
synthesis of new neurons
neurogenesis
There is typically reduced tissue _________ associated with depression.
volume
States that a sense of accomplishment or mastery happens upon task completion and that PA may be important in helping with the loss of pleasurable engagement inherent in depression
mastery hypothesis
states that exercise either increases positive affective states of reduces negative affective states
affect regulation hypothesis
states that exercise provides opportunity for interaction with others, but cannot be the sole explanation
social interaction hypothesis
