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HK 340 > Unit 3 - Final Exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Fitness or exercise training can provide _______ recovery from the stressor once it is ____________.

A

faster, no longer present

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2
Q

Shorter duration of the stress response can reduce the ___________ and overall wear and tear of the body/brain.

A

allostatic load

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3
Q

According to the appraisal aspects of toughness, stressors are seen as __________, leading to reduced anxiety.

A

challenges

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4
Q

According to the neuroendocrine aspects of toughness, increase release of catecholamines leads to more __________, the reduced cortical response minimizes negative effects on _______, and there is quicker recovery post-stress due to the efficient __________ regulation.

A

energy mobilization, health, HPA axis

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5
Q

State of successful performance of mental function that results in productive activities, fulfilling relationships, and ability to adapt to change & cope with adversity (resilience)

A

mental health

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6
Q

Collectively, all diagnosable mental disorders, which are health conditions characterized by altered thought, mood, behavior associated with distress and/or impaired function.

A

Mental Illness

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7
Q

What percentage of US adults suffer from some type of mental health problem in a given year?

A

20-25%

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8
Q

What percentage of US adults suffer from some type of anxiety disorder in a given year?

A

16%

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9
Q

What is the prevalence of depression in US adults?

A

8-9%

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10
Q

According to Stevens (1988), self-reported PA is associated with better ___________.

A

mental health

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11
Q

According to Goodwin (2003), greater self-reported PA is associated with reduced chances of having __________ disorder.

A

anxiety

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12
Q

According to deMoor et al. (2006), exercisers in twin studies had lower trait ________ than non-exercisers.

A

anxiety

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13
Q

Strohle et al. (2007) stated that physical activity is associated with long-term reduction of __________ symptoms .

A

anxiety

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14
Q

Jonsdottir et al. (2010) found that physical activity is associated with long-term reduction of anxiety symptoms and lower risk of high ________-.

A

stress

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15
Q

Allen et al. (2019) found that sedentary behavior is associated with increased risk of _______ symptoms, so decreasing sedentary behavior could prevent symptoms from becoming a _________.

A

anxiety, disorder

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16
Q

________ individuals are shown to have less anxiety.

A

physically fit

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17
Q

________ levels of anxiety decrease following chronic activity.

A

trait

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18
Q

Evidence supports _________ as a buffer against anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders.

A

physical activity

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19
Q

What is the “optimal” dosage in terms of type, frequency, intensity, and duration needed for anxiety reduction?

A

none; anything works

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20
Q

Initially low-fit, highly anxious individuals have the ________ to gain from physical activity.

A

most

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21
Q

Martinsen et al. (1989) found that ____ weeks of both anaerobic and aerobic training resulted in psychological improvements in patients with anxiety disorders.

A

8

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22
Q

Sexton et al. (1989) found that 8 weeks of aerobic training reduced anxiety & depression, indicating that __________ fitness levels are associated with __________ anxiety and vigorous exercise is not necessary for improvements.

A

greater, lower

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23
Q

Broocks et al. (1998) found that 10 weeks of aerobic training for patients with _______ disorders found to be as effective as drug treatments & placebo.

A

panic

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24
Q

Merom et al. (2008) found that ______ and ________ combined are found to reduce anxiety and depression in those with social phobias.

A

CBT, exercise

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25
Q

Guadlitz et al. (2015) found that psychotherapy is more effective when combined with _________.

A

exercise

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26
Q

Broman-Fulks et al. (2008) found that exercise causes similar symptoms to __________, which shows individuals they shouldn’t be afraid.

A

anxiety

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27
Q

Rosenbaum et al. (2014) found that regular exercisers had a reduced risk of developing _________.

A

PTSD

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28
Q

Stein & Craske (2017) study “Stepped Care Should Be Stepped Up When Needed” found that physical activity is __________ and _________, so it should be the first intervention for anxiety.

A

cost-effective, accessible

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29
Q

Anxiety is _________ following aerobic exercise.

A

reduced

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30
Q

Anxiety seems to _________ slightly following resistance exercise, but this could be mistaken due to increased arousal.

A

increases

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31
Q

State anxiety is improved by _______ exercise.

A

acute

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32
Q

__________ anxiety is increased by chronic exercise.

A

trait

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33
Q

deVries _________ effect of exercise explains that the effects of exercise seem to last longer than anxiety-reducing treatments.

A

tranquilizer

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34
Q

The ________ effect states that 20 minutes of moderate intensity exercise leads to anxiety reduction and that higher intensities increase anxiety/tension.

A

dose-response

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35
Q

The _________ hypothesis states that elevated body temperatures resulting from exercise can lead to reduced anxiety.

A

thermogenic

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36
Q

The __________ hypothesis exercise provides distraction from normal routine.

A

distraction/time-out

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37
Q

The _________ hypothesis states that those with elevated anxiety or anxiety disorders respond to PA with increased pleasantness.

A

Core Affect

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38
Q

How effective are pharmacological treatments for anxiety and depression?

A

30%

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39
Q

Goodwin (2003) found that regularly active participants are _______ likely to be diagnosed with MDD.

A

less

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40
Q

Choi et al. (2019) found that exercise decreased the risk of developing depression for individuals with ________ risk.

A

genetic

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41
Q

Currier et al. (2020) found that 1 hour of _________ activity decreases depressive symptoms.

A

vigorous

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42
Q

Galper et al. (2006) found that active participants had ________ symptoms of depression.

A

fewer

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43
Q

Mammen & Faulkner (2013) found that PA was at least 1-2 times a week had a ______% reduction in risk and that reducing PA caused an increasing risk.

A

40

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44
Q

Farmer et al. (1988) found that sedentary behavior caused a ____ times greater likelihood of depressive symptoms.

A

two

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45
Q

Mobily et al. (1996) found that older individuals had greater depressive symptoms, but ________ decreased depressive symptoms.

A

walking

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46
Q

Gudmundsson et al. (2015) found that greater baseline depression reported was associated with ____ exercise behavior.

A

less

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47
Q

McDowell et al. (2018) found that moderate-to-high amounts of MVPA was associated with _______ risk of depression.

A

lower

48
Q

__________ exercise frequency is associated with fewer self-reported symptoms of depression.

A

greater

49
Q

_____ minutes of exercise per week acts as protection against depression

A

60

50
Q

Greater amount of sedentary time leads to _________ symptoms of depression.

A

greater

51
Q

Depression causes a greater risk of __________.

A

inactivity

52
Q

How long do exercise programs need to be to result in reduction in depression?

A

at least 4 times a week for 6-12 weeks

53
Q

Greist et al. (1979) found that __________ is as effective as psychotherapy in patients with minor clinical depression.

A

running

54
Q

Martinsen et al. (1985) & Singh et al. (1997) found that ______ intensity exercise decreases depressive symptoms.

A

high

55
Q

Dunn et al. (2005) found that public health dose of exercise caused depression ___________ for some patients.

A

remission

56
Q

Blumenthal et al. (1999)’s SMILE study found that exercise showed similar results to __________ in depressed patients.

A

medication

57
Q

Hoffman et al. (2007)’s SMILE II Study found that _____ minutes of exercise improved fully remitted patients by improving their aerobic capacity and VO2max.

A

180

58
Q

Rethorts & Trivedi (2021) found that exercise combined with _______ can decreased needed medication level and time.

A

therapy

59
Q

The __________ hypothesis uses the evolutionary perspective to explain we are genetically predisposed to be physically active, according to Johnsgard (1989).

A

antropological

60
Q

Which hypothesis for explaining the exercise-depression relationship relies on changes in neuropeptides?

A

Endocannabinoid Hypothesis

61
Q

What is the definition of emotional well-being?

A

positive affect is greater than negative affect combined with favorable thoughts

62
Q

Immediate, temporary states of feelings high in intensity and followed by appraisal.

A

emotions

63
Q

Long-lasting states of feeling low in intensity following appraisal

A

moods

64
Q

Most basic element of all unpleasant and pleasant states of feeling that are always present and vary in intensity.

A

affect

65
Q

General measures of affect may not capture the unique _________ associated with exercise.

A

emotional experiences

66
Q

In the circumplex model the __________ and __________ axises interconnect to create low/high activated pleasant/unpleasant states.

A

activation, valence

66
Q

After exercises there is typically __________ in positively valanced affective states and _________ in negative affective states following high-intensity exercise.

A

increases, increases

66
Q

In the _________ approach to studying affect affective states are interrelated and can be studied by looking at certain number of dimensions.

A

Dimensional

66
Q

Increased intensity and longer duration leads to ______ positive/ _________ negative affective valence.

A

less, more

67
Q

The __________ refers to the fact that as you increase intensity of exercise, your body produces greater amounts of lactate which eventually cumulate in your body.

A

lactate threshold

68
Q

The lactate threshold is correlated with the shift in feeling state from pleasant to unpleasant during exercise, known as the _______________ shift.

A

feeling-state

69
Q

Low to moderate intensity exercise leads to a _________ activated pleasant or _________ pleasant affective response.

A

low, homogenous

70
Q

Moderate to vigorous exercise leads to a _______ or _________ pleasant affective state, or ___________ affective state.

A

less, more, heterogenous

71
Q

High intensity exercise leads to a less ________ in affective response.

A

variability

72
Q

During exercise, high intensity intervals lead to a ________ affect while low-intensity recovery intervals lead to a ________ affect.

A

negative, positive

73
Q

Low intensity exercise usually leads to a steady ___________ affect during and after exercise.

A

positive

74
Q

Moderate-intensity exercise causes an increasing _________ affect.

A

positive

75
Q

High-intensity continuous exercise (HICE) causes a more _________ affect during exercise, which can deter adherence.

A

negative

76
Q

High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) has a _________ affect during high effort intervals, but _________ phases that cause relief.

A

negative, recovery

77
Q

Exercise stimulates the release of neurotransmitters (e.g., endorphins, dopamine, norepinephrine) causing stress reduction and happiness

A

neurotransmitter release

78
Q

Enhanced blood flow and oxygen delivery to muscles and the brain can cause feelings of energy and vitality

A

Cardiovascular and Muscular Feedback

79
Q

High intensity exercise can cause discomfort due to lactate buildup, causing negative affect during the activity but leads to positive post-exercise feelings due to physiological recovery

A

Lactate and Metabolic Accumulation

80
Q

Manipulation of attentional exercise (such as music) causes an enhanced _________ affect and an attenuated ________ affect.

A

positive, negative

81
Q

A positive experience in a recent workout will build momentum, while a negative one will cause setback.

A

recency effect

82
Q

How individuals feel at the end of the workout shapes their memory of the session

A

end-of-session effect

83
Q

How you feel at the end of the exercise bout

A

End rule

84
Q

The most extreme feeling you had during exercise is most important

A

peak rule

85
Q

How your feelings changed during the bout of exercise

A

Slope of change

86
Q

ability to perceive, recognize, or understand thoughts and ideas

A

cognitive function

87
Q

Health and function of the brain’s blood vessels, including the ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to brain tissues

A

cerebrovascular function

88
Q

the performance of the heart and systematic blood vessels in maintaining blood flow and pressure throughout the body, including the brain

A

cardiovascular function

89
Q

__________ function impacts cerebrovascular health because the brain relies on a steady adequate blood supply.

A

Cardiovascular

90
Q

Greater __________ fitness leads to greater cerebrovascular and cardiovascular health

A

cardiorespiratory fitness

91
Q

Cardiovascular gaining causes a decline in cardiovascular health, increasing the risk of _________ and _______ decline.

A

cerebrovascular, cognitive

92
Q

Cerebrovascular aging causes cerebral blood flow to __________.

A

decrease

93
Q

As we age, white and gray matter ____________ while ventricular size ___________.

A

decreases, increases

94
Q

As we age, our atrophy ___________ causes __________ in cognitive performance.

A

increases, decreases

95
Q

As we age, our brain volume _________ causing a __________ in cognitive function.

A

decreases, decrease

96
Q

As we age, we have __________ activation of brain regions.

A

less

97
Q

What kind of cognitive processes seem to improve to the greatest extent as a result of chronic exercise intervention?

A

executive, higher order

98
Q

Children are becoming more ________, causing increased prevalence of obesity and sedentary adulthood.

A

sedentary

99
Q

Younger generations are living __________ and ______ healthy lives than their parents.

A

shorter, less

100
Q

Increasing exercise in children causes _________ cognitive functioning.

A

better

101
Q

More physical fitness in children leads to ________ academic achievement.

A

more

102
Q

Fit children have higher ___________ brains.

A

functioning

103
Q

Bahrke & Morgan found that 20 minutes of treadmill walk, meditation, and sitting in a chair in a soundproof room all showed the same reduction in ___________ due to distraction.

A

state anxiety

104
Q

Blumenthal used the _________ study to find that exercise alleviates ________ symptoms in clinically diagnosed individuals.

A

SMILE, depressive

105
Q

deVries used EMG to find that an acute bout of exercise results in reduction of muscle ________ better than anti-anxiety medication (tranquilizer effect).

A

tension

106
Q

Dienstbier found that exercise causes a greater capacity for __________ response and delayed ________ response. He created the _________ model.

A

catecholamine, cortisol, physiological toughness

107
Q

The __________ model states that repeated exercise over a regular amount of time can lead to a pattern of physiological toughness, reducing the allostatic load.

A

physiological toughness

108
Q

Ekkekakis found that when people exerted energy below the threshold, there was homogenous ___________ affect, but when intensity of exercises is too high, homogenous __________ affect occurred.

A

pleasantness, unpleasantness

109
Q

James found that exercise is linked with ___________ changes. He was one of the most significant psychologists.

A

physiological

110
Q

Johnsgard found that exercise can be a treatment in clinical psychology, fueling the ___________ hypothesis as an explanation for anxiety and depression reduction due to exercise.

A

anthropological

111
Q

Kramer found that exercise had positive effects on _______, such as executive control tasks, inhibiting distraction, task-switching, and reaction time.

A

cognition

112
Q

Morgan started the __________ aspects of exercise and found that people that are depressed are not physically fit. However, when exercise ________, fitness _________, and depression __________.

A

psychological, increased, increased, decreased

113
Q

Thayer studied behaviors to regulate how we feel. He found that exercise can have a _________ effect.

A

energizing

HK 340 (9 decks)

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