Unit 2 - Personality & Physical Activity

Question 1

What is one of the most popular topics in Exercise & Sport Psychology?

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

Certain personality attributes are important ___________ to PA participation.

Answer 2

antecedents

Question 3

Certain personality attributes developed as a _____________ of PA.

Answer 3

consequence

Question 4

Personality psychology underlies much of __________ psychology.

Answer 4

social

Question 5

Personality could account for ___% of variance in PA behavior.

Answer 5

7-10

Question 6

___________ is the underlying, relatively stable, psychological structures & processes that organize human experience & shape a person’s actions & reactions to the environment.

Answer 6

personality

Question 7

Personality is moderately-to-highly __________.

Answer 7

heritable

Question 8

Personality is shown to have significant, but small, effects on ________ & __________ through health behaviors, reactivity to stress, and responses to illness.

Answer 8

health, longevity

Question 9

______ is developed from early environmental interactions and includes self-concept.

Answer 9

core

Question 10

________ is at the center of your core; the “real you”

Answer 10

self-concept

Question 11

_________ are predictable behaviors, ways of reacting to environment that can be modified or learned.

Answer 11

typical responses

Question 12

____________ are variable, daily behaviors most easily changed and most influenced by environment.

Answer 12

role-related behaviors

Question 13

The early theory of personality proposed by ______________ stated that there are 4 basic body fluids (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm).

Answer 13

ancient Greeks

Question 14

The early theory of personality proposed by ___________ (“Constitutional Theory”) stated that individuals possess certain body types that are largely genetically determined and predispose individuals toward behavioral consistency.

Answer 14

Sheldon

Question 15

Sheldon proposed that there are significant associations between ___________ and personality.

Answer 15

somatotypes

Question 16

________ approaches of personality propose a biological/genetic foundation and emphasize consistency in behavior over time & across situations.

Answer 16

dispositional/trait

Question 17

According to Hollander, what makes up the structure of personality?

Answer 17

core, typical responses, and role-related behaviors

Question 18

What part of your personality is most affected by your environment?

Answer 18

role-related behaviors

Question 19

The emphasis in the trait theories is on ____, not the environment.

Answer 19

you

Question 20

relatively enduring, highly consistent internal attributes

Answer 20

traits

Question 21

___________ traits are made up of specific, facet traits.

Answer 21

general

Question 22

_________ was one of the most prominent personality psychologists during the mid-to-late twentieth century.

Answer 22

Eysenck

Question 23

_________ proposed relationships between traits generate 2nd order trait dimensions.

Answer 23

Eysenck

Question 24

What are the 3 personality dimensions of Eysenck’s model?

Answer 24

Extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-stability, psychoticism-superego

Question 25

________ are relatively enduring, highly consistent internal attributes.

Answer 25

traits

Question 26

Trait theories have emphasis on __________ vs situation.

Answer 26

person

Question 27

Trait theories reflect motivational systems which increase ____________ to positive/negative stimuli.

Answer 27

adaptation

Question 28

__________ traits include extraversion and conscientiousness.

Answer 28

general

Question 29

___________ traits include excitement-seeking, anxiety, orderliness and are subsumed within general traits.

Answer 29

specific, facet

Question 30

Tendency to be outgoing, sociable, optimistic, active vs. tendency to be reserved, unsociable, quiet, and passive.

Answer 30

extraversion vs introversion

Question 31

__________ mediates cortical arousal.

Answer 31

reticular formation

Question 32

If the individual's cortical arousal is functioning at a high level, they feel _______. If it is functioning at a low level, they feel ________.

Answer 32

alert, drowsy

Question 33

Reticular formation is sometimes referred to as _____________ system.

Answer 33

reticular activating

Question 34

___________ have higher, base levels of activation and low sensory threshold (augmentation); they avoid further stimulation

Answer 34

introverts

Question 35

__________ have lower levels of activation and high sensory threshold (reduction); they seek additional stimulation

Answer 35

extraverts

Question 36

__________ is associated with greater blood flow in certain brain regions, differently than blood flow associated with ___________.

Answer 36

introversion, extraversion

Question 37

Tendency to be tense, anxious, moody, excitable, worried vs. emotional stability, tendency to be calm, even-tempered, easygoing, controlled.

Answer 37

neuroticism vs. stability

Question 38

Neuroticism vs. stability is associated with the activity of the __________ (emotional brain) and __________ system.

Answer 38

limbic system, autonomic nervous

Question 39

_________ neuroticism individuals have more rapidly changing and longer lasting autonomic reactions than ________ neuroticism individuals.

Answer 39

high, low

Question 40

Longer lasting and more rapidly changing autonomic reactions in high N individuals reflects increased reactivity in the __________ (includes amygdala), which then predisposes them to react strongly to emotionally arousing experiences and take longer to return pre-arousal states.

Answer 40

limbic system

Question 41

Amygdala activity does not predict neuroticism, but slower amygdala _________ from negative images after their offset predicted ________ neuroticism.

Answer 41

recovery, greater

Question 42

Tendency to be impulsive, aggressive, hostile, impersonal vs. tendency to be empathetic, cooperative, conforming

Answer 42

psychoticism vs. superego

Question 43

Psychoticism-superego is associated with _________ function, specifically elevated androgens and relative absence of serotonin metabolites.

Answer 43

hormonal

Question 44

Aspects like lack of _________ may work against physical activity behavior in psychoticism-superego individuals.

Answer 44

self-discipline

Question 45

__________ proposed personality is composed of 16 factors and predicted relations in terms of exercise.

Answer 45

Cattell

Question 46

_________ are more likely to adopt/adhere to physical activity/exercise regimen

Answer 46

extroverts

Question 47

Low __________ for extroverts leads them to seek sensory stimulation through physical activity.

Answer 47

arousal

Question 48

Extraverts tolerate ________ better.

Answer 48

pain

Question 49

For N individuals, higher fitness means ___________ anxiety.

Answer 49

lower

Question 50

Lower N individuals would respond favorably to intense training, generally predicting a ____________ relationship between PA/exercise & N.

Answer 50

negative

Question 51

____________ examined effects of 4 months of fitness training on middle-aged men on personality using 16PF, EPQ.

Answer 51

Ismail & Young

Question 52

Ismail & Young proved relationships between fitness and ______________. They found that lack of fitness associated with emotional instability, especially at pre-program.

Answer 52

emotional instability

Question 53

_________ means someone is organized, thorough, efficient, responsible, dependable, practical, and deliberate.

Answer 53

conscientiousness

Question 54

___________ means someone is imaginative, curious, intellectual, logical insightful, artistic, clever, and intentive.

Answer 54

openness to experience

Question 55

_________ means someone is sympathetic, kind, affectionate, warm, generous, trusting, forgiving, good-natured, cooperative, unselfish, and sensitive.

Answer 55

agreeableness

Question 56

__________ stability typically remains relatively constant across adult lifespan.

Answer 56

emotional

Question 57

__________ extraversion, __________ neuroticism, is linked to higher self-reported PA levels, but accelerometer-measured PA studies are lacking.

Answer 57

higher, lower

Question 58

In middle-aged women, ___________ is negatively associated with accelerometer-measured leisure time MVPA and self-reported PA

Answer 58

neuroticism

Question 59

In middle-aged women, __________ is positively associated with self-reported PA.

Answer 59

extraversion

Question 60

In older men and women, those who scored high in _________ reported less PA than what was measured by accelerometers and _________ was not associated with either measure of PA.

Answer 60

neuroticism, extraversion

Question 61

The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging found that __________ was negatively correlated with strength while __________ was positively correlated with strength.

Answer 61

neuroticism, extraversion

Question 62

Rhodes & Wilson found that there are small relationships for extraversion, _________, neuroticism, and _____________.

Answer 62

conscientiousness, openness

Question 63

Rhodes & Wilson's study implies that longevity is associated with being conscientious, emotionally stable, and active, which are all associated with _________.

Answer 63

physical activity

Question 64

Moor et al. found that _________ exercised more among adolescents and among older adults, _________ exercised more.

Answer 64

males, females

Question 65

Sutin et al. found that _______ neuroticism with __________ conscientiousness was associated with more physical activity and less inactivity and sedentary behavior.

Answer 65

lower, higher

Question 66

Sutin et al. found that extraversion and openness were also associated with _______ physical activity and _______ inactivity.

Answer 66

more, less

Question 67

_________ is associated with quantity and frequency of MVPA

Answer 67

conscientiousness

Question 68

amount of statistical variability accounted for by genes

Answer 68

heritability index

Question 69

_________ in human studies tend to be somewhat higher for more vigorous forms of physical activty.

Answer 69

heritability indices

Question 70

Genetic factors may become more relevant when the activity stimulus is ________ demanding.

Answer 70

more

Question 71

Butkovic et al. found that those with higher extraversion and lower neuroticism reported exercising ________ frequently at _______ intensities.

Answer 71

more, higher

Question 72

Schutte et al. found that heritability in exercise __________ partially derives from genetic variants.

Answer 72

behavior

Question 73

Factors influencing interoceptive stimuli are distinct from those influencing ___________ stimuli.

Answer 73

exteroceptive

Question 74

Ekkekakis et al. found that preference for exercise intensity and tolerance of exercise intensity are manifestations of individual differences in ____________ modulation and having a ________ basis.

Answer 74

somatosensory, genetic

Question 75

A preference for exercise ____________ suggests a predisposition to select a particular exercise intensity when given the opportunity.

Answer 75

intensity

Question 76

__________ of exercise intensity suggests there is a trait that influences one's ability to continue exercising at an imposed level of intensity even when the activity becomes uncomfortable or unpleasant.

Answer 76

tolerance

Question 77

Ekkekakis et al. found that we don't have a high capacity for ________ activty.

Answer 77

anerobic

Question 78

____________ to high intensity exercise predicted more positive/less negative affect during high intensity circuit of PA.

Answer 78

preference

Question 79

Tolerance and preference reflect predisposition to tolerate and/or prefer _________ aspects of higher intensity exercise.

Answer 79

aversive

Question 80

Type ____ personality people are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors.

Answer 80

A

Question 81

important to keep trying to influence outcome, no matter how bad things get, rather than become passive

Answer 81

control

Question 82

belief that when stresses mount, important to stay involved with events/people as to enhance meaning, rather than sink into alienation or become isolated.

Answer 82

commitment

Question 83

see stress as normal aspect of living and opportunity to grow through the disruption, rather than be naively insistent on comfort and security

Answer 83

challenges

Question 84

The three C's are protective against ________ effects of stress.

Answer 84

deleterious

Question 85

Hardiness is ________ associated with exercise behavior.

Answer 85

positively

Question 86

Animal research shows that exercise training leads to increased _________.

Answer 86

resilience

Question 87

PA and self-perceived resilience are positively associated. There is a stronger association among individuals with high trait __________.

Answer 87

anxiety