Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
___________ reinforcement increases the likelihood that the person will repeat the behavior in the future; involves giving a reward or some form of positive feedback
positive
Exercise adherence, skill acquisition, dietary changes, and rehabilitation are all forms of __________ reinforcement.
positive
___________ reinforcement involves the removal or reduction of an unpleasant stimulus in order to encourage the continuation of a desired behavior.
negative
Exercise and pain relief, weight lost, improved breathing, reduction of stress, and avoidance of chronic disease are all examples of _________ reinforcement.
negative
___________ involves applying an unpleasant stimulus or removing a desired one in response to an unwanted behavior, with the goal of decreasing the likelihood of the behavior continuing.
punishment
Examples of __________ include injury, overeating and physical discomfort, and loss of progress.
punishment
___________ refers to the gradual weakening and disappearance of a behavior when it is no longer reinforced.
extinction
Examples of ___________ include ignoring attention-seeking behaviors, sedentary lifestyle, and bad habits.
extinction
____________ combines traditional economic principles and psychological theory.
behavioral economics
Behavioral economics integrates _________ theory with cognitive psychology & _______________ to help explain why unhealthy options may be chosen over health-promoting alternatives.
S-R, decision-making
Behavioral economics suggests that individuals are likely to engage in a behavior if it is ________ reinforcing & readily available.
more
___________ is a behavioral economic principle stating that people choose options that, through previous experiences, have been linked to pleasure; people avoid options that have been linked to displeasure.
affect heuristic
__________ is a principle of behavioral economics stating that individuals have a desire for immediate gratification and over-value of short-term pleasure rather than under-value of long-term benefits.
short-term preference
___________ is a principle of behavioral economics stating that people prefer to avoid loos rather than acquire gains.
loss aversion
___________ is a principle of behavioral economics stating that mental exhaustion by days end could result in giving into temptation.
decision fatigue
___________ is a principle of behavioral economics stating that too many options can lead to no decision being made.
choice overload
Information about reinforcing aspects of ____________ activities could help in identifying __________ activities that provide similar reinforcement.
sedentary, physical
_____________ theory of physical activity & exercise focuses on implications of momentary affective evaluations for exercise-related actions and choices.
affective-reflective
The ___________ of the ART of PIE explains how people make decisions about engaging in physical activity through affective process and reflective process.
dual-process model
Type 1 of the dual process model is __________ affective valuation; effortless
automatic
Type 2 of the dual process model is ___________ evaluation; effortful
reflective
_________ is assigning value to a stimulus
valuation
_________ implies cognitive appraisal and input from higher brain centers; can result in action planning
evaluation
Action ___________ is a result of type-1 processing (effortless).
impulse
Action __________ is a result of type-2 processing (effortful)
plan
Action impulse and plan can be __________ or ____________.
concordant, discordant
Automatic affective valuations are connected to an action __________.
impulse
Associations of physical inactivity and exercise with positive or negative feelings are a consequence of _____________ learning.
associative
____________ models (derived from Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory) state that individual-level factors are only one of multiple levels of influence on behaviors.
social ecological
Social ecological models allow organization of ____________ and ___________.
correlates, determinants
factors with a reliable association with PA behavior; do NOT cause changes in PA
correlates
factors related to PA behavior, but also directly influence behavior
determinants
real or imagined pressure to change one’s behavior, attitudes, or beliefs
social influence
perceived comfort, caring, assistance, and information that a person received from others
social support
What are the 4 main types of social support?
instrumental, emotional, informational, appraisal
__________ social support provides provision of tangible, practical assistance; helps individual achieve exercise goals
instrumental support
__________ social support is the expression of encouragement, caring, empathy, and concern toward a person; can help reduce anxiety/fear and provide reassurance
emotional
__________ social support involved directions, advice, or suggestions about how to exericse.
informational
___________ social support is the provision of feedback regarding process; confirmation/validation that one’s thoughts, feelings, problems, and experiences are “normal”
appraisal
_____________ suggests that children learn behaviors by observing and imitating the actions of others, especially those they view as important or authoritative figures, like their parents.
role modeling
___________ theory digs deeper into the cognitive and motivational factors that influence physical activity. It explains how parents help build their children’s self-confidence in being physically active and influence the perceived importance and enjoyment of exercise.
expectancy-value
Boys have more _________ aspects of Pa due to favorable peer relations and higher levels of ____________.
exertional, perceived competence
__________ barriers and social expectations that one should be less physically active as one grows older are causing a decline in PA as we age.
social structural
The _________ environment (sidewalks, greenspaces) involves how land is used.
built
The __________ environment includes lakes, mountains, and forests.
natural
What built environment features have social influences on PA?
aesthetics, destination, functional, safety
What are 2 methods for measuring the built environment?
perceptions (self-report), direct observation
__________ studies investigate the relationship between two or more variable to determine whether they are statistically associated with one another.
correlational
A ________ study seeks to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variable, but lack random assignment to groups.
quasi-experimental