Unit 2 - Stress, Stress Reactivity, and Physical Activity Flashcards
a state of disharmony or threatened homeostasis
stress
Medication, exercise, etc. are examples of ________ stressors.
internal
Noise, light, etc. are examples of __________ stressors.
external
________ is negative stress.
distress
___________ is positive stress.
eustress
Chronic stress is risk factor in premature biological __________ and ___________.
aging, early death
___________ stress includes substance abuse and nutritional excess.
biological
__________ stress includes perfectionist attitudes, obsessiveness/compulsiveness, or a need for control.
psychological
_________ stress involves a lack of social skills, shyness, insecurity, loneliness, and environmental strain.
interpersonal
_________ of stress in early stressful environments or early nurturing environments can cause stress.
experience
Who applied stress to studies on humans?
Selye
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome stated that stress was a __________ response.
non-specific
In Selye’s GAS, __________ is the initial reaction to stress
arousal and alarm
____________ is a physiological adaptation to deal with crisis.
fight or flight response
In Selye’s GAS, _________ occurs if a stressor is resolved
stage of resistance
In Selye’s GAS, ____________ occurs if a stressor is prolonged.
stage of exhaustion
When a stressor happens for seconds, minutes, or hours, you will experience ___________.
arousal & alarm
When a stressor lasts for days, weeks, or months, we are in the stage of ____________.
resistance
When a stress keeps going for years, we reach the stage of __________.
exhaustion
initiated when some real or perceived threat/challenge is encountered
stress response
The _________ makes an immediate determinant for a response to stressors.
amygdala
Stress hormones come from the __________ glands.
adrenal
initial assessment of stressor
primary appraisal
assessment of resources to cope
secondary appraisal
What are the two kinds of hormones secreted from the adrenal glands?
catecholamines and cortisol
hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine; generally occurs when situations present a challenge to an individual
catecholamines
Hormone that generally occurs when an individual is faced with a threat or unpleasant challenge
cortisol
Our catecholamines come from the __________ of the adrenal glands
middle
The amygdala causes the hypothalamus to activate the ___________ nervous system via splanchnic nerve that innervates the ____________.
sympathetic, adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla releases _____________ (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
catecholamines
The adrenal cortex releases ___________.
cortisol
The amygdala activates the hypothalamus, which activates the HPA axis and stimulates the anterior lobe of the _____________ gland. The _____________ then releases cortisol.
pituitary, adrenal cortex
Ability of an organism to change and stabilize its internal environment despite constant changes to external environment; internal equilibrium
homeostasis
a wide range of functioning of the coping/adaptation system, depending on a variety of factors
allostasis
Cumulative impact of progressive physiological ‘wear and tear’ on the brain and body predisposes the individual to ___________.
disease
ongoing stress means that the stress response never “turns off”, which ultimately leads to _________ and ________.
illness, disease
Chronic elevations of heart rate & blood pressure can lead to decreased ________ function, memory loss, and increased risk of anxiety and depression.
immune
Chronic stress has a bidirectional relationship with __________.
health risk
Greater stress leads to more _________; fewer health-risking behaviors (HRB) helps modify ________ of stress
HRBs, level
Sufficient PA leads to ___________ allostatic load, while sedentariness leads to ____________ allostatic load.
decreased, increased
The ____________ hypothesis states that if a stressor of sufficient intensity and/or duration will induce adaption of stress response systems.
cross-stressor adaptation
A decreased magnitude of response to some familiar change
habituation
an augmented response to a novel stressor
sensitization
Habituation allows for effective interaction with minimized physiological response, greater physiological _________-.
capacity
