Unit 3 Part 2 Flashcards
WHMIS
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
defines and classifies the hazards of chemical products, and communicates health and safety information on labels and safety data sheets
GHS (globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals)
3 categories of labels
Physical hazards
Health hazards
Environmental hazards
Physical hazards
Explosives
Flammable
Oxidizers
Compressed gas
Corrosive
Health Hazards
Toxic, Death
Chronic problems or illness
Health hazard
is responsible for the classification of all controlled products that they import, produce and or sell in Canada
The supplier
the brand name, chemical name, common name, generic name, or trade name of the hazardous products
product identifier
the name, address, and telephone number of either the Canadian manufacturer or the Canadian importer
initial supplier identifier
hazard symbol within a red “square set on one of its points”
pictogram
a word used to alert the reader to a potential hazard and to indicate the severity of the hazard
signal word
standardized phrases which describe the nature of the hazard posed by a hazardous product
hazard statement(s)
standardized phrases that describe measure to be taken to minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure to a hazardous product or resulting from improper handling or storage of a hazardous product
precautionary statement(s)
some supplemental label information is required based on the the classification of the product
supplemental label information
is a degree of excellence
quality
is a comprehensive system for achieving continuous improvement in customer satisfaction
based on 4 principles
total quality management (TQM)
is defined as a program or process that is designed to prevent problems in the future by evaluating present and past performance
QA (quality assurance)
4 principles of TQM
- customer satisfaction
- everyone is involved (management and employee)
- constant improvement
- procedure orientated
use of checks and controls to assure quality
quality controlled
procedural part of the QA part
procedure is used to identify and to correct problems
QC
a comparison of current lab results with previous results for the same test on the patient
delta check
provides information on which decisions are made for improvement
quality indicators
are established for all quality indicators
Threshold values
is a graph chart that quality control data is plotted on to give a visual indication whether a laboratory test is working well
Levy-Jennings chart
are a set of rules used for laboratory quality control
Westgard rules
can be chemically pure or serum based, in which the value is known
best way to measure accuracy
used to establish reference points
can be used to calculate a test result
standard
are made of materials with one or more known characteristics
must be run before patient specimens can be tested
controls
12 essentials in laboratory environment
- organization
- personnel
- equipment
- purchasing and history
- process control
- information management
- documents and records
- occurrence management
- assessment
- process improvement
- customer service
- facilities and safety
allows you to recognize your own strength and weakness and use this to guide on-going learning
part of quality improvement
reflective practice
identification, classification and prioritization of risks
chance of loss injury
focuses on identifying and minimizing situations that pose potential dangers to patients and staff
risk management
2 ways risks can be managed
- controlling the risk to avoid the incident
- looking at the risk after it happens
2 groups of glassware
general and volumetric
adequate for storing many substances
not calibrated to hold or measure an exact volume
not recommended for critical measurements
general containers
manufactured from either glass or plastic
most are disposable
can be containers for liquid samples such as urine, serum, or whole blood
test tubes
are designed to withstand the stress of centrifugation
used to separate liquids from solids during centrifugation
generally have calibration marks on them
have a pointed bottom whereas test tubes have a rounded bottom
centrifuge tube
used to estimate liquid amount
used to mix and heat
resistant to high temperatures and chemicals
may or may not have calibration marks on them
not used for critical measurements
beakers
used for holding and mixing liquids
have measurement marks for non critical volumes
sizes vary from 1 ml to 2000 ml
erlenmeyer flask
precise volumes are not measured with cylinders, but approximate measures can be made
graduated cylinders
holds various reagents used in lab testing
most are made from polypropylene, a clear plastic that is resistant to most reagents
some bottles may be clear
some bottles may be brown to protect the reagent from light
Reagent bottles
manufactured with a rigorous calibration process to ensure measurement accuracy
only glass of the finest quality is used in the manufacture
volumetric glassware
may be etched in the glassware
temperature of calibration
means the glassware is designed to deliver a designated volume
TD
means the glassware is designed to contain a given volume of liquid
TC
used to prepare solutions when the accuracy of the concentration is critical
when liquid is placed in this type of flask, it must come up exactly to the calibration mark
Volumetric flask
the surface of a liquid that appears as a curve when placed in a container
meniscus
usually open at both ends
used to transfer specific amounts of liquid from one container to another
usually used for volumes between 1 and 100 milliliters
pipettes
used when the greatest accuracy and precision is required (with bulge)
volumetric pipette
not accurate enough for critical measurements and are often used for reagents (no bulge)
graduated pipette
designed to pick up and dispense a preset volume of solution
automated pipette
used to measure small volumes (1 microliter to 1 milliliter)
micropipette
if using TD pipette with a frosted band you have to?
blow out the last drops out
if using TC pipette
do not blow out the last drop
manual cleaning
soak in detergent solutions (containing bleach if necessary)
rinse 7-10 times in tap water
rinse 3 times in distilled water
inverted glassware is placed in a hot air oven to dry (apprx 100 degrees)
main purpose is to separate blood cells from plasma and serum
other body fluids are separated in a centrifuge such as urine, cerebrospinal fluid
centrifuges
RCF
relative centrifugal force
is the revolutions per minute (how fast the rotor is spinning)
also called gravities
generally centrifuging blood is 10 minutes at 1000g
RCF
two types of centrifuges
fixed head and horizontal head
does not move
blood separates in a slanted form
balanced in a mirror image
fixed head
tubes are horizontal balanced across the axis position
buckets (canisters) swing out when spinning
blood separates straight across
horizontal head
referred to as cytospin
is a specialized centrifuge used to concentrate cells in fluid specimens onto a microscope slide so that they can be stained and examined
cytocentrifuge
is a very sensitive scale used in chemical analysis
the most accurate balance
provides a mass of an object to the nearest 0.0001 g
used when an error smaller than 0.01 g is required
analytical balance
used to keep specimens at body temperatures in the microbiology specimen
incubators
steel container filled with water
antibacterial agent is added to the H2O
temperature usually controlled at 37 degrees
used when it is necessary to maintain the specimen at 37 degrees for testing
water bath
analyses whole blood:
counts RBC and WBC and platelets
hemoglobin content, and hematocrit
measures and calculates red blood cell size
performs an automated differential count
electronic cell counters
can analyze many different chemistry tests on the same specimens
clinical chemistry auto analyzers
usual normal refrigerator temperature
between 2 to 8 degrees celsius
are used to store blood, chemicals, tissue cultures, and other medical samples
normal temperature ranges between - 15 to - 25 degrees celsius
average is - 20 degrees celsius
freezer
uses a 2 lens system:
one in the ocular
one in the objective
compound microscope
used to locate an object in a field
low power lens
lens is usually 40x, giving a total magnification of 400x (with ocular lens 10x)
sometimes called high dry objective
High power lens
used to view blood slides, miroorganisms and sections of tissue
used with a drop of immersion oil
lens is 100x, giving a total magnification of 1000x (with ocular lens of 10x)
oil immersion lens
used to focus the low power lens
MUST NEVER BE USED WHEN THE HIGH POWER LENS OR THE OIL IMMMERSION ARE IN PLACE
coarse adjustments
is used to achieve a clearer picture after the coarse adjustment has been used
fine adjustment
located at the base of the microscope
has a condenser to focus and direct light into the objective lens
light source
types of microscopes
dark field
phase-contrast
fluorescent
microscope
electron microscope
light object/dark background
dark field
intracellular details
used to examine unstained specimens
phase-contact
uses UV light
fluorescent
very expensive, high-tech microscope that uses short wave electrons
electron
a simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials of liquid
vortex mixers
two types of vortex mixers
individual tubes
beakers
process called sterilization destroys spores and bacteria.
done at high temperatures and under high pressures
autoclave
effective operating parameters for autoclave
- temperature; 121 degrees Celsius
- pressure; 103.4 kPA (15 psi)
- time; greater than 15 minutes
quality control for autoclave indicators
biological and chemical
other types of autoclave
dry heat
moist heat
ethylene oxide
similar to an oven which heats up to 150 - 160 degrees celsius for 1 hour
dry heat
uses boiling water to sterilize
moist heat
for devices and plastic container that cannot support conventional high temperature steam sterilization
ethylene oxide
an instrument used to measure acidity and alkalinity solution
measured on a scale of 0 to 14
pH meter
if the pH value is less than 7 it is ____, if the pH is greater than 7 it is _____
acidic; alkaline
water is passed through certain processes in order to remove impurities
distilled water
is distilled water which is cooled and condensed steam
deionized water
is rarely used in the lab as it contains organic and inorganic containments that may interfere with testing
tap water
a mixture of salt and water
normal saline
