A&P Part 3 Flashcards
responsible for carrying o2 and food to all the cells & CO2 and wastes from the cells, fluid and electrolytes for the maintenance of homeostasis, transports hormones and enzymes, transports antibodies to guard againsts infections, and controls body temperature
cardiovascular system
normal blood volume
4.73L
the process through which a cell undergoes changes in gene expression to become a more specific type of cell
Cellular differentiation or simply cell differentiation
gives rise to a class of leukocytes known as lymphocytes which include the various T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, all of which function in immunity
Lymphoid stem cells
gives rise to all the other formed elements, including erythrocytes; megakaryocytes that produce platelets; and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes
Myeloid stem cells
a glycoprotein hormone
prompts the production of erythrocytes
Erythroproietin
a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidneys
triggers in the development of megakaryocytes into platelets
Thrombopoietin
glycoproteins secreted by a wide variety of cells, including bone marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells
Cytokines
are cells that have granules in the cytoplasm
granulocytes
cells that do not have granules in the cytoplasm (lymphocytes and monocytes)
Non-granulocytes
commonly known as red blood cell
primary function is to pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body’s tissues and to pick up some (about 24%) carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and transport it to the lungs for exhalation
Erythrocyte
what is an immature erythrocyte called
reticulocyte
increased retic count means that a lot of RBC’s are being _____, a decreased retic count means that RBC production is ______
produced; slower
are biconcave disks
provides a greater surface area across which gas exchanges can occur, relative to its volume
Erythrocyte
Large molecule made up of proteins and iron
Hemoglobin
Causes the body to assume a yellowish tings associated with jaundice
Bilirubin
Caused by a lack of intrinsic factor in the digestive tract
Pernicious anemia
Is required for the absorption of Vit B12, which is necessary for normal maturing of RBC’s
Intrinsic factor
Failure of bone marrow to produce enough RBCs as well as WBCs and platelets
Aplastic Anemia
Caused by an excessive destruction of RBC’s often because they ate deformed
treatment is splenectomy
Hemolytic Anemia
An inherited condition typically occurring in individuals from the Middle East, the Mediterranean, African and Southeast Asia, in which maturation of the RBCs does not proceed normally
Treatment is blood transfusions
Thalassemia
an elevated RBC count
blood disorder that causes your body to produce too many red blood cells
treatment is phlebotomy on a regular basis, every 2-3 weeks
Polycythemia
commonly known as white blood cells
major component of the body’s defenses against diseases
protects the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, and they clean up debris
Leukocyte
Leukocytosis
an increase in wbc
indicates an infection or virus
Leukopenia
decrease in wbc that may indicate a virus or leukemia or chemotherapy
are rapid responders to the site of infection and are efficient phagocytes with a preference for bacteria
captures and destroys the invading bacteria or microorganisms by setting traps and ingesting them
neutrophils
are often involved in conditions that are associated with excessive inflammation, such as allergies, asthma, and autoimmune diseases
eosinophils
the least common leukocytes
releases two enzymes, histamine and heparin during allergic reactions
Basophils
granules of basophils release histamine which contributes to ____ and heparin to opposes to ____ _____
inflammation; blood clotting
are the second most common type of leukocyte
has no granules in the cytoplasm
lymphocytes
can destroy potential threats without prior exposure to a particular pathogen
Natural Killer Cells (NKC)
plays a prominent role in defending the body against specific pathogen
B cell (B lymphocytes) and T cells (T lymphocytes)
produces antibodies that destroy antigens or the pathogen associated with a particular antigen
B cells
are key fighters in what’s known as adaptive immune systems.
fights only one type of intruder
T cells
originate from myeloid stem cells
eats up waste in blood
Monocytes
referred to as thrombocytes
not a cell but rather a fragment of the cytoplasm of a cell called megakaryocyte
platelets
when the wall of a vessel is damaged
Vasoconstriction
platelets begin to clump together, becomes spiked and sticky, and bind to the exposed collagen and endothelial lining.
they simultaneously release chemicals from their granules into the plasma that further contribute to hemostasis
formation of primary platelet plug
normally is triggered by trauma
PT is the test used to evaluate this pathway
The extrinsic pathway
begins in the bloodstream and is triggered by internal damage to the wall of the vessel
PTT is the test used to evaluate this pathway
Intrinsic pathway
3 stages of clotting in the common pathway
- tissue thromboplastin + blood Ca + several blood proteins = active tissue thromboplastin
- prothrombin + thromboplastin + several blood proteins + Ca = thrombin
- fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin produces fibrin (blood clot)
gradual degratdaion of the clot
fibrinolysis
medications to prevent clotting
coumadin, heparin, warfarin, aspirin
immune to malaria
duffy
A antigen and anti B antibody
type A
B antigen and anti A antibody
type B
both A and B antigen and no antibody
type AB
no antigen and both anti A and B antibodies
type O
the heart pumps nearly how many gallons of blood each day?
4000
pumps blood in sufficient amounts to meet the needs of the cells of the body for the substances that it transports
heart
avg heart contraction?
75 contractions per minute
located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum
the heart
the receiving chambers
right atrium and left atrium
contracts to push blood
right and left ventricle
tricuspid valve and mitral valve (bicuspid)
guards the opening between the atria and ventricle
allows blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles
prevents the blood from back flowing from the ventricular into the atria
cuspid valve
pulmonary valve and aortic valve
prevents the blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the pulmonary and aortic arteries
semilunar valve
two major types of cardiac muscle cells
myocardial contractile cells and myocardial conducting cells
constitutes the bulk of the cells in the atria and ventricles
conducts impulses and are responsible for contractions that pump blood through the body
myocardial contractile cells
forms the conduction system of the heart
myocardial conducting cells
forms the bulk of the heart
myocardium
functions to supply the heart with blood
coronary arteries
___ ____ is where the oxygenated blood leaves the heart and start its journey through the body
left ventricle
the first of many branches off the aorta
coronary artery branches
supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle (where deoxygenated blood goes before heading to the lungs)
Right coronary Artery
supplies blood to the left atrium and left ventricle.
this is where the oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs before the heart pumps it out to the rest of your body
left main coronary artery
normal cardiac rhythm is established by the ____ ____
has the highest inherent rate of depolarization and is known as the pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial (SA) node
second clump of specialized myocardial conductive cells
located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum
atrioventricular (AV) node
a branch of fibers (nerve cells) that extends from your AV node.
receives the electrical signal from the AV node and carries it to the Purkinje fibers
The bundle of HIS
branches of specialized nerve cells
sends electrical signals very quickly to your right and left heart ventricles
Purkinje fibers
buildup of fatty material called plaque on the inside of the coronary arteries
arteriosclerosis
also known as heart attack
blood clot plugs one of the branches of a coronary artery as it does frequently in coronary thrombosis or embolism
Myocardial infarction
Angina
Myocardial Infarction
Congestive Heart Failure
Bacterial endocarditis
Coronary heart disease
Diseases of the heart
delivers oxygen to vital organs and tissues and remove waste products
includes veins, arteries, and capillaries
blood vessels
inner layer
regulates blood pressure, prevents blood clots and keeps toxins out of your blood
keeps your blood flowing smoothly
tunica intima
middle layer contains elastic fibers that keep your blood flowing in one direction
helps vessels expand and contract
tunica media
outer layer contains nerves and tiny vessels
delivers oxygen and nutrients from your blood to your cells and helps removes waste
also gives vessels structure and support
Tunica Adventitia
leads away from the heart
carry oxygenated blood to the body
carry unoxygenated blood to the lungs
Arteries
small arteries
arterioles
the only artery that does not carry oxygen rich blood
pulmonary artery
carries blood towards the heart
carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
veins
small veins
venules
smallest blood vessels that connect the arterioles to the venules
where gases, nutrients, waste product and other substances are exchanged
capillaries
one way drainage system that flows only toward the heart
system of vessels, cells and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood
Lymphatic system
the complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death
immune system
organs of the lymphatic system
bone marrow
thymus
lymph node
Spleen
Lymph
has the vital job of making white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
bone marrow
most active during puberty
where T-cells fully mature
thymus
bean-shaped glands that monitor and cleanse lymph as it filters through them
clears out damaged cells and cancer cells
also store lymphocytes and other immune system cells that attack and destroy harmful substances like bacteria
lymph node
Largest lymphatic organ
Filters blood and removes cells that are old or not working properly
Also keeps red blood cells and platelets available
Spleen
Tubes that form a complex network throughout your body
Lymphatic vessel
Two collecting ducts
Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
A collection of barriers, cells and soluble proteins that interact and communicate with each other in extraordinarily complex ways
Immune system
Three temporal phases
Barrier defences
Innate immune responses
Adaptive immune response
Skin and mucous membranes, which act instantaneously to prevent pathogenic invasion of the body tissue
Barrier defence
Rapid but nonspecific
Consists of a variety of specialized cells and soluble factors
Innate immune response
Slower but specific and effective adaptive immune response
Involves many cell types and soluble factors but is primarily controlled by white blood cells
Adaptive immune response
Function primarily by producing antibodies
B cells
Is any of the group of proteins that binds specifically to pathogen-associated molecules known as antigens
Antibody
A chemical structure on the surface of a pathogen that binds to T or B lymphocyte antigen receptors
Antigen
Does not secrete antibodies but performs a variety if functions in the adaptive immune response
T cells
a B cell that has differentiated in response to antigen binding, and has thereby gained the ability to secrete soluble antibodies
Plasma cell
A circulating blood cell that contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules in its extensive cytoplasm
Among the body’s first lines of defence against viruses and certain types of cancer
Natural Killer cells
Releases antibodies in response to antigens
Are also called plasmacytes or effector cells
Plasma cells
Remembers antigens
Memory cells
