A&P Part 3

Question 1

responsible for carrying o2 and food to all the cells & CO2 and wastes from the cells, fluid and electrolytes for the maintenance of homeostasis, transports hormones and enzymes, transports antibodies to guard againsts infections, and controls body temperature

Answer 1

cardiovascular system

Question 2

normal blood volume

Answer 2

4.73L

Question 3

the process through which a cell undergoes changes in gene expression to become a more specific type of cell

Answer 3

Cellular differentiation or simply cell differentiation

Question 4

gives rise to a class of leukocytes known as lymphocytes which include the various T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells, all of which function in immunity

Answer 4

Lymphoid stem cells

Question 5

gives rise to all the other formed elements, including erythrocytes; megakaryocytes that produce platelets; and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes

Answer 5

Myeloid stem cells

Question 6

a glycoprotein hormone

prompts the production of erythrocytes

Answer 6

Erythroproietin

Question 7

a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidneys

triggers in the development of megakaryocytes into platelets

Answer 7

Thrombopoietin

Question 8

glycoproteins secreted by a wide variety of cells, including bone marrow, leukocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells

Answer 8

Cytokines

Question 9

are cells that have granules in the cytoplasm

Answer 9

granulocytes

Question 10

cells that do not have granules in the cytoplasm (lymphocytes and monocytes)

Answer 10

Non-granulocytes

Question 11

commonly known as red blood cell

primary function is to pick up inhaled oxygen from the lungs and transport it to the body’s tissues and to pick up some (about 24%) carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and transport it to the lungs for exhalation

Answer 11

Erythrocyte

Question 12

what is an immature erythrocyte called

Answer 12

reticulocyte

Question 13

increased retic count means that a lot of RBC’s are being _____, a decreased retic count means that RBC production is ______

Answer 13

produced; slower

Question 14

are biconcave disks

provides a greater surface area across which gas exchanges can occur, relative to its volume

Answer 14

Erythrocyte

Question 15

Large molecule made up of proteins and iron

Answer 15

Hemoglobin

Question 16

Causes the body to assume a yellowish tings associated with jaundice

Answer 16

Bilirubin

Question 17

Caused by a lack of intrinsic factor in the digestive tract

Answer 17

Pernicious anemia

Question 18

Is required for the absorption of Vit B12, which is necessary for normal maturing of RBC’s

Answer 18

Intrinsic factor

Question 19

Failure of bone marrow to produce enough RBCs as well as WBCs and platelets

Answer 19

Aplastic Anemia

Question 20

Caused by an excessive destruction of RBC’s often because they ate deformed

treatment is splenectomy

Answer 20

Hemolytic Anemia

Question 21

An inherited condition typically occurring in individuals from the Middle East, the Mediterranean, African and Southeast Asia, in which maturation of the RBCs does not proceed normally

Treatment is blood transfusions

Answer 21

Thalassemia

Question 22

an elevated RBC count

blood disorder that causes your body to produce too many red blood cells

treatment is phlebotomy on a regular basis, every 2-3 weeks

Answer 22

Polycythemia

Question 23

commonly known as white blood cells

major component of the body’s defenses against diseases

protects the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, and they clean up debris

Answer 23

Leukocyte

Question 24

Leukocytosis

Answer 24

an increase in wbc

indicates an infection or virus

Question 25

Leukopenia

Answer 25

decrease in wbc that may indicate a virus or leukemia or chemotherapy

Question 26

are rapid responders to the site of infection and are efficient phagocytes with a preference for bacteria captures and destroys the invading bacteria or microorganisms by setting traps and ingesting them

Answer 26

neutrophils

Question 27

are often involved in conditions that are associated with excessive inflammation, such as allergies, asthma, and autoimmune diseases

Answer 27

eosinophils

Question 28

the least common leukocytes releases two enzymes, histamine and heparin during allergic reactions

Answer 28

Basophils

Question 29

granules of basophils release histamine which contributes to ____ and heparin to opposes to ____ _____

Answer 29

inflammation; blood clotting

Question 30

are the second most common type of leukocyte has no granules in the cytoplasm

Answer 30

lymphocytes

Question 31

can destroy potential threats without prior exposure to a particular pathogen

Answer 31

Natural Killer Cells (NKC)

Question 32

plays a prominent role in defending the body against specific pathogen

Answer 32

B cell (B lymphocytes) and T cells (T lymphocytes)

Question 33

produces antibodies that destroy antigens or the pathogen associated with a particular antigen

Answer 33

B cells

Question 34

are key fighters in what's known as adaptive immune systems. fights only one type of intruder

Answer 34

T cells

Question 35

originate from myeloid stem cells eats up waste in blood

Answer 35

Monocytes

Question 36

referred to as thrombocytes not a cell but rather a fragment of the cytoplasm of a cell called megakaryocyte

Answer 36

platelets

Question 37

when the wall of a vessel is damaged

Answer 37

Vasoconstriction

Question 38

platelets begin to clump together, becomes spiked and sticky, and bind to the exposed collagen and endothelial lining. they simultaneously release chemicals from their granules into the plasma that further contribute to hemostasis

Answer 38

formation of primary platelet plug

Question 39

normally is triggered by trauma PT is the test used to evaluate this pathway

Answer 39

The extrinsic pathway

Question 40

begins in the bloodstream and is triggered by internal damage to the wall of the vessel PTT is the test used to evaluate this pathway

Answer 40

Intrinsic pathway

Question 41

3 stages of clotting in the common pathway

Answer 41

1. tissue thromboplastin + blood Ca + several blood proteins = active tissue thromboplastin 2. prothrombin + thromboplastin + several blood proteins + Ca = thrombin 3. fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin produces fibrin (blood clot)

Question 42

gradual degratdaion of the clot

Answer 42

fibrinolysis

Question 43

medications to prevent clotting

Answer 43

coumadin, heparin, warfarin, aspirin

Question 44

immune to malaria

Answer 44

duffy

Question 45

A antigen and anti B antibody

Answer 45

type A

Question 46

B antigen and anti A antibody

Answer 46

type B

Question 47

both A and B antigen and no antibody

Answer 47

type AB

Question 48

no antigen and both anti A and B antibodies

Answer 48

type O

Question 49

the heart pumps nearly how many gallons of blood each day?

Answer 49

4000

Question 50

pumps blood in sufficient amounts to meet the needs of the cells of the body for the substances that it transports

Answer 50

heart

Question 51

avg heart contraction?

Answer 51

75 contractions per minute

Question 52

located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum

Answer 52

the heart

Question 53

the receiving chambers

Answer 53

right atrium and left atrium

Question 54

contracts to push blood

Answer 54

right and left ventricle

Question 55

tricuspid valve and mitral valve (bicuspid) guards the opening between the atria and ventricle allows blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles prevents the blood from back flowing from the ventricular into the atria

Answer 55

cuspid valve

Question 56

pulmonary valve and aortic valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the pulmonary and aortic arteries

Answer 56

semilunar valve

Question 57

two major types of cardiac muscle cells

Answer 57

myocardial contractile cells and myocardial conducting cells

Question 58

constitutes the bulk of the cells in the atria and ventricles conducts impulses and are responsible for contractions that pump blood through the body

Answer 58

myocardial contractile cells

Question 59

forms the conduction system of the heart

Answer 59

myocardial conducting cells

Question 60

forms the bulk of the heart

Answer 60

myocardium

Question 61

functions to supply the heart with blood

Answer 61

coronary arteries

Question 62

___ ____ is where the oxygenated blood leaves the heart and start its journey through the body

Answer 62

left ventricle

Question 63

the first of many branches off the aorta

Answer 63

coronary artery branches

Question 64

supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle (where deoxygenated blood goes before heading to the lungs)

Answer 64

Right coronary Artery

Question 65

supplies blood to the left atrium and left ventricle. this is where the oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs before the heart pumps it out to the rest of your body

Answer 65

left main coronary artery

Question 66

normal cardiac rhythm is established by the ____ ____ has the highest inherent rate of depolarization and is known as the pacemaker of the heart

Answer 66

sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 67

second clump of specialized myocardial conductive cells located in the inferior portion of the right atrium within the atrioventricular septum

Answer 67

atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 68

a branch of fibers (nerve cells) that extends from your AV node. receives the electrical signal from the AV node and carries it to the Purkinje fibers

Answer 68

The bundle of HIS

Question 69

branches of specialized nerve cells sends electrical signals very quickly to your right and left heart ventricles

Answer 69

Purkinje fibers

Question 70

buildup of fatty material called plaque on the inside of the coronary arteries

Answer 70

arteriosclerosis

Question 71

also known as heart attack blood clot plugs one of the branches of a coronary artery as it does frequently in coronary thrombosis or embolism

Answer 71

Myocardial infarction

Question 72

Angina Myocardial Infarction Congestive Heart Failure Bacterial endocarditis Coronary heart disease

Answer 72

Diseases of the heart

Question 73

delivers oxygen to vital organs and tissues and remove waste products includes veins, arteries, and capillaries

Answer 73

blood vessels

Question 74

inner layer regulates blood pressure, prevents blood clots and keeps toxins out of your blood keeps your blood flowing smoothly

Answer 74

tunica intima

Question 75

middle layer contains elastic fibers that keep your blood flowing in one direction helps vessels expand and contract

Answer 75

tunica media

Question 76

outer layer contains nerves and tiny vessels delivers oxygen and nutrients from your blood to your cells and helps removes waste also gives vessels structure and support

Answer 76

Tunica Adventitia

Question 77

leads away from the heart carry oxygenated blood to the body carry unoxygenated blood to the lungs

Answer 77

Arteries

Question 78

small arteries

Answer 78

arterioles

Question 79

the only artery that does not carry oxygen rich blood

Answer 79

pulmonary artery

Question 80

carries blood towards the heart carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Answer 80

veins

Question 81

small veins

Answer 81

venules

Question 82

smallest blood vessels that connect the arterioles to the venules where gases, nutrients, waste product and other substances are exchanged

Answer 82

capillaries

Question 83

one way drainage system that flows only toward the heart system of vessels, cells and organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and filters pathogens from the blood

Answer 83

Lymphatic system

Question 84

the complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens that would otherwise cause disease or death

Answer 84

immune system

Question 85

organs of the lymphatic system

Answer 85

bone marrow thymus lymph node Spleen Lymph

Question 86

has the vital job of making white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

Answer 86

bone marrow

Question 87

most active during puberty where T-cells fully mature

Answer 87

thymus

Question 88

bean-shaped glands that monitor and cleanse lymph as it filters through them clears out damaged cells and cancer cells also store lymphocytes and other immune system cells that attack and destroy harmful substances like bacteria

Answer 88

lymph node

Question 89

Largest lymphatic organ Filters blood and removes cells that are old or not working properly Also keeps red blood cells and platelets available

Answer 89

Spleen

Question 90

Tubes that form a complex network throughout your body

Answer 90

Lymphatic vessel

Question 91

Two collecting ducts

Answer 91

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

Question 92

A collection of barriers, cells and soluble proteins that interact and communicate with each other in extraordinarily complex ways

Answer 92

Immune system

Question 93

Three temporal phases

Answer 93

Barrier defences Innate immune responses Adaptive immune response

Question 94

Skin and mucous membranes, which act instantaneously to prevent pathogenic invasion of the body tissue

Answer 94

Barrier defence

Question 95

Rapid but nonspecific Consists of a variety of specialized cells and soluble factors

Answer 95

Innate immune response

Question 96

Slower but specific and effective adaptive immune response Involves many cell types and soluble factors but is primarily controlled by white blood cells

Answer 96

Adaptive immune response

Question 97

Function primarily by producing antibodies

Answer 97

B cells

Question 98

Is any of the group of proteins that binds specifically to pathogen-associated molecules known as antigens

Answer 98

Antibody

Question 99

A chemical structure on the surface of a pathogen that binds to T or B lymphocyte antigen receptors

Answer 99

Antigen

Question 100

Does not secrete antibodies but performs a variety if functions in the adaptive immune response

Answer 100

T cells

Question 101

a B cell that has differentiated in response to antigen binding, and has thereby gained the ability to secrete soluble antibodies

Answer 101

Plasma cell

Question 102

A circulating blood cell that contains cytotoxic (cell-killing) granules in its extensive cytoplasm Among the body’s first lines of defence against viruses and certain types of cancer

Answer 102

Natural Killer cells

Question 103

Releases antibodies in response to antigens Are also called plasmacytes or effector cells

Answer 103

Plasma cells

Question 104

Remembers antigens

Answer 104

Memory cells