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MLA > A&P Part 2 > Flashcards

A&P Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Externally secreting glands

Ex. Sweat, tears

A

Exocrine glands

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2
Q

Internally secreting glands (in the blood)

Ex. Thryoid, parathyroid, adrenal etc

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

Consists of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones as a primary or secondary function

A

Endocrine system

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4
Q

Hormones derived from the modification of amino acids are referred to as ___ ___

A

Amine hormones

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5
Q

Primary hormones derived from lipids and steroids

Are derived from lipid cholesterol

Are not soluble in water

A

Steroid hormone

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6
Q

A protein located either inside the cell or within the cell membrane

A

Hormone receptor

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7
Q

Is characterized by the inhibition of further secretion of a hormone in response to adequate levels of that hormone

A

Negative feedback

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8
Q

Butterfly shaped organ

Located anterior to the trachea, just inferior to the larynx

A

Thyroid gland

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9
Q

Medial region of the thyroid gland

Flanked by wing-shaped left and right lobes

A

Isthmus

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10
Q

Thyroid follicles are made up of a central cavity filled with a sticky fluid called ____

Is the center of thyroid hormone production

A

Calloid

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11
Q

Two hormones produced in the thyroid gland

A

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

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12
Q

Are tiny, round structures usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid gland

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13
Q

The major hormone involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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14
Q

A disorder caused by an overproduction of PTH that results in excessive calcium reabsorption from bone

Can significantly decrease bone density, leading to spontaneous fractures and deformities

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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15
Q

Are wedges of glandular and neuroendocrine tissue adhering to the top of the kidneys by a fibrous capsule

Have a rich blood supply and experience one of the highest rates of blood flow in the body

A

Adrenal glands

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16
Q

Secreted steroid hormones important for the regulation of the long-term stress response, blood pressure and blood volume, nutrient uptake and storage, fluid and electrocyte balance inflammation

A

Adrenal cortex

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17
Q

Is an extension of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates homeostasis in the body

Is stimulated to secrete the amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla

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18
Q

Major functions of the adrenal gland is to response to ___

A

Stress

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19
Q

Is a long, slender organ, most of which is located posterior to the bottom half of the stomach

A

Pancrea

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20
Q

Secretes the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

A

Pancreatic islets (formerly known as Langerhans)

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21
Q

Is in the brain anterior and inferior to the thalamus

Both neural and endocrine functions, producing and secreting many hormones

Anatomically and functionally related to the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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22
Q

Can be thought of as the “command center” of the endocrine system

Secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary complex

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23
Q

Sits just beneath the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose

Called the “master gland”

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

Inferior but somewhat posterior to the thalamus

Produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles.

A

Pineal gland

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25
Q

Is located in the upper chest behind the breastbone

Sits between the lungs in a part of the chest called the mediastinum

Primary function is to train special white blood cells called T-lymphocytes or T-cells.

A

Thymus gland

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26
Q

Which gland is active during childhood? And decreases once puberty hits?

A

Thymus Gland

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27
Q

Primary hormones produced by the ovaries

A

Estrogens

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28
Q

Contributes to regulating the menstrual cycle and is important in preparing the body for pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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29
Q

Primary hormone produced by the testes

A steroid hormone important in the development of the testicular reproductive system

A

Testosterone

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30
Q

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood

Primarily functions to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance

A

Respiratory system

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31
Q

Where oxygen is inhaled into the air spaces (sacs) in the lungs and immediately into capillary blood vessels surrounding the sacs

A

External respiration

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32
Q

is the exchange of gases within cells in all organs of the body

A

Internal respiration

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33
Q

Provides a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air

Includes organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange

A

Conducting zone

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34
Q

Major entrance and exit for the respiratory system

A

Nose

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35
Q

Serous and mucus-producing cells also secrete the lysozome enzyme called _____, which have antibacterial properties

A

Defensins

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36
Q

Commonly called the throat

Funnel-shaped passageway inside the body

A

Pharynx

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37
Q

Top part of the throat connects to the nasal cavities and lets air pass through

A

Nasopharynx

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38
Q

Middle part of the throat connects to the oral cavity

Allows air, food and fluid to pass through

A

Oropharynx

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39
Q

Bottom part of the throat is near the larynx

Regulates the passage of air to the lungs and food and fluid to the esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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40
Q

First defense against infection

A

Tonsils

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41
Q

Equalizes pressure and help drain fluid

Connects to the ears and throat

A

Auditory (eustachian) tubes

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42
Q

Hollow tube that lets air pass from your throat to your trachea on the way to your lungs

Main functions: breathing creating vocal sounds and preventing food and other particles from getting into your trachea, lungs and the rest of your respiratory system

A

Larynx

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43
Q

A leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located behind the tongue, at the top of the larynx, or voice box

Seals off windpipe during eating so that food does not get inhaled

A

Epiglottis

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44
Q

Carries air in and out of your lungs

Provides reliable pathway for oxygen to enter body

Is formed by 16-20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue

A

Trachea

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45
Q

Two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs. Carries air to and from your lungs

Moisturizes the air you breath and screens out foreign particles

A

Bronchi

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46
Q

keeps your airways moist and traps bacteria, viruses, fungi and other particles to protect the lungs and prevent infection

A

Mucus

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47
Q

Branches from the tertiary bronchi

Further branch until they become tiny terminal bronchioles, which leads to the structures of gas exchange

A

Bronchiole

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48
Q

Includes structures that are directly involved in gas exchange

A

Respiratory zone

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49
Q

Smallest type of bronchiole

A

Respiratory bronchiole

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50
Q

Smallest structures in the respiratory system

A

Alveoli

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51
Q

Are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi

Makes oxygen available to your body and remove other gases, such as carbion dioxide, from your body.

A

Lungs

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52
Q

A dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic activity

A

Diaphragm

53
Q

Right lung consists of ___ lobes

A

3

54
Q

Left lung consists of ___ lobes

A

2

55
Q

Process that causes air to enter the lungs

A

Inspiration

56
Q

Is the process that causes air to leave the lungs

A

Expiration

57
Q

The process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into the interstitial fluid and into the cells

A

Internal respiration

58
Q

Consists of the nose, pharynx and larynx

A

Upper respiratory tract

59
Q

Consists of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs

A

Lower respiratory tract

60
Q

Uses mechanical and chemical activities to break food down into absorbable substances during its journey through

A

Digestive system

61
Q

Called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut

10.67 meters (35 feet) in length

Functions to nourish the body

A

Alimentary canal

62
Q

Organs of the GI tract

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and anus

63
Q

Allows air and nutrients to enter the body also helps in speaking

A

Mouth

64
Q

Connects the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx

A

Pharynx

65
Q

Hollow, muscular tube that passes food and liquid from your throat to your stomach

Carries food and liquid from your mouth to stomach

A

Esophagus

66
Q

J-shaped organ

Produces enzymes and acids which breaks down food so it can pass the small intestine

A

Stomach

67
Q

The point where the esophagus connects to the stomach and through which food passes into the stomach

A

Cardia

68
Q

Left of the cardia

Dome-shaped

A

Fundus

69
Q

Funnel-shaped

Connects the stomach to the duodenum

A

Pylorus

70
Q

Where all absorption happens

Is about 3.05 meters (10 feet) long

Food is broken down into liquid and most of its nutrients are absorbed

A

Small intestine

71
Q

Reabsorbs water and maintains the body’s balance of fluids, absorbing vitamins, processing undigested food material such as fiber and storing waste before elimination

A

Large intestine

72
Q

Produces bile and exports to the duodenum

Largest gland in the body

Plays an important role in metabolism and regulation

A

Liver

73
Q

Sits behind the stomach and in front of the spine

Has two main functions: exocrine and endocrine

A

Pancreas

74
Q

Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion

A

Exocrine

75
Q

Send out hormones that control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream

A

Endocrine

76
Q

Pancreas releases the following enzymes

A

Lipase, amylase, protease

77
Q

Works with bile to break down fats

A

Lipase

78
Q

Breaks down carbohydrates for energy

A

Amylase

79
Q

Breaks down proteins

A

Protease

80
Q

Pear-shaped organ that stores and releases bile.

A

Gallbladder

81
Q

Process of digestion

A

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and defecation

82
Q

Refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth

A

Ingestion

83
Q

Act of swallowing, the last voluntary act until defecation

A

Propulsion

84
Q

Consists of sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along

A

Peristalsis

85
Q

Acidic “soup”

A

Chyme

86
Q

Filters waste material (urea) from the blood and removes it from the body in the form of urine

Regulates water balance

Maintain blood pH (7.35-7.45)

Maintains electrolyte balance

A

Urinary system

87
Q

The kidney filters about ____ liters of fluid every day

A

227

88
Q

Participates in whole-body homeostasis, regulating acid-base balance, electrocyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure

A

The kidney

89
Q

Filtering units in the kidney

Functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephrons

90
Q

Groups of tiny blood vessels that perform the first stage of filtering the blood

A

Glomeruli

91
Q

Reabsorbs and return water, nutrients and minerals your body needs

Removes waste, including excess acid and fluids through a process called diffusion

A

Renal tubules

92
Q

Reabsorbs ions, water and nutrients, removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH

A

Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)

93
Q

Principal function is in the recovery of water and sodium chloride from urine

A

Loop of Henle

94
Q

Collecting duct system accounts for _____% of the kidneys reabsorption of sodium

And

___% of the kidney’s reabsorption of water

A

4-5 & 5

95
Q

3 processes of urine formation

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

96
Q

___% of the total blood pumped by the heart each minute will enter the kidneys to undergo filtration

A

20

97
Q

When molecules and ions will be reabsorbed into the circulatory system

A

Reabsorption

98
Q

The organ that holds urine until it is ready to be released and then helps to expel it from the body

A

Bladder

99
Q

The tube that lets urine leave the bladder and the body

A

Urethra

100
Q

Only system that we can live without

Functions are to reproduce the species, secrete hormones, produce germ cells for reproduction

In the female, maintains fetus and produces milk for nourishment of neonate

A

Reproductive system

101
Q

Produces sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract

A

Male or testicular reproductive system

102
Q

Components of the male reproductive system

A

Scrotum, testes, penis, duct system and the prostate

103
Q

is located in a skin covered, highly pigmented, muscular sack that extends from the body behind the penis

A

scrotum

104
Q

are the male gonads

produces both sperm and androgens, such as testosterone and are active throughout the reproductive lifespan

A

testes

105
Q

primary functions are urinary and sexual

A

penis

106
Q

the stiffening of the penis caused by sexual arousal and/or physical stimulation

A

erection

107
Q

sexual function of the penis

A

ejection and ejaculation

108
Q

the discharge of semen from the penis

A

ejaculation

109
Q

coiled tube that connects the testicle to the vas deferens

A

Epididymis

110
Q

is a long tube that connects to the epididymis

connects to ejaculatory ducts

A

Vas deferens

111
Q

connect to the vas deferens and small pouches called the seminal vesicles

each duct empties into the urethra

A

Ejaculatory ducts

112
Q

a long tube that has connections with both the ejaculatory ducts and the bladder

runs through the prostate gland and penis and opens at the glans

A

Urethra

113
Q

contributes additional fluid to the semen (ejaculate)

fluid is slightly alkaline, milky or white in appearance

A

prostate

114
Q

contains extremely compact haploid nucleus with very little cytoplasm

A

head of the sperm

115
Q

filled with tightly packed mitochondria in the sperm

A

mid-piece

116
Q

longest part and capable of wave-like motion that propels sperm for swimming and aids in the penetration of the egg

A

the tail or flagellum

117
Q

produces gametes and reproductive hormones

has the additional task of supporting the developing fetus and delivering it to the outside world

A

female or ovarian reproductive system

118
Q

components of the female reproductive system

A

ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, external genitalia, mammary glands

119
Q

plays a critical role in both menstruation and conception

produce eggs for fertilization and make the hormones estrogen and progesterone

A

ovaries

120
Q

three main jobs of the uterus

A

pregnancy, fertility and menstrual cycle

121
Q

a pair of hollow, muscular ducts located between the ovaries and your uterus

fertilization occurs here

A

fallopian tubes

122
Q

protects internal parts from infection and allow sperm to enter the vagina

A

external genitals

123
Q

main parts of the external genitals

A

labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening, hymen

124
Q

protects the other external reproductive organs

during puberty hair growth occurs on the skin which also contains sweat and oil-secreting glands

A

labia majora

125
Q

can have a variety of sizes and shapes

skin is very delicate and can be easily irritated and swollen

A

labia minora

126
Q

two labia minora meet at your clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion

is covered by a fold of skin called the prepuce and is very sensitive to stimulation

A

clitoris

127
Q

opening allows menstrual blood and babies to exit the body

A

vaginal opening

128
Q

is a piece of tissue covering or surrounding part of your vaginal opening

formed during development and present during birth

A

hymen

129
Q

a gland located in the breasts of females that is responsible for lactation, or the production of milk.

only produces milk after childbirth

A

mammary glands

MLA (12 decks)

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