A&P Part 2 Flashcards
Externally secreting glands
Ex. Sweat, tears
Exocrine glands
Internally secreting glands (in the blood)
Ex. Thryoid, parathyroid, adrenal etc
Endocrine glands
Consists of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones as a primary or secondary function
Endocrine system
Hormones derived from the modification of amino acids are referred to as ___ ___
Amine hormones
Primary hormones derived from lipids and steroids
Are derived from lipid cholesterol
Are not soluble in water
Steroid hormone
A protein located either inside the cell or within the cell membrane
Hormone receptor
Is characterized by the inhibition of further secretion of a hormone in response to adequate levels of that hormone
Negative feedback
Butterfly shaped organ
Located anterior to the trachea, just inferior to the larynx
Thyroid gland
Medial region of the thyroid gland
Flanked by wing-shaped left and right lobes
Isthmus
Thyroid follicles are made up of a central cavity filled with a sticky fluid called ____
Is the center of thyroid hormone production
Calloid
Two hormones produced in the thyroid gland
Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
Are tiny, round structures usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
The major hormone involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A disorder caused by an overproduction of PTH that results in excessive calcium reabsorption from bone
Can significantly decrease bone density, leading to spontaneous fractures and deformities
Hyperparathyroidism
Are wedges of glandular and neuroendocrine tissue adhering to the top of the kidneys by a fibrous capsule
Have a rich blood supply and experience one of the highest rates of blood flow in the body
Adrenal glands
Secreted steroid hormones important for the regulation of the long-term stress response, blood pressure and blood volume, nutrient uptake and storage, fluid and electrocyte balance inflammation
Adrenal cortex
Is an extension of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates homeostasis in the body
Is stimulated to secrete the amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla
Major functions of the adrenal gland is to response to ___
Stress
Is a long, slender organ, most of which is located posterior to the bottom half of the stomach
Pancrea
Secretes the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
Pancreatic islets (formerly known as Langerhans)
Is in the brain anterior and inferior to the thalamus
Both neural and endocrine functions, producing and secreting many hormones
Anatomically and functionally related to the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Can be thought of as the “command center” of the endocrine system
Secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands
Hypothalamus-pituitary complex
Sits just beneath the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose
Called the “master gland”
Pituitary gland
Inferior but somewhat posterior to the thalamus
Produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles.
Pineal gland
Is located in the upper chest behind the breastbone
Sits between the lungs in a part of the chest called the mediastinum
Primary function is to train special white blood cells called T-lymphocytes or T-cells.
Thymus gland
Which gland is active during childhood? And decreases once puberty hits?
Thymus Gland
Primary hormones produced by the ovaries
Estrogens
Contributes to regulating the menstrual cycle and is important in preparing the body for pregnancy
Progesterone
Primary hormone produced by the testes
A steroid hormone important in the development of the testicular reproductive system
Testosterone
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood
Primarily functions to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance
Respiratory system
Where oxygen is inhaled into the air spaces (sacs) in the lungs and immediately into capillary blood vessels surrounding the sacs
External respiration
is the exchange of gases within cells in all organs of the body
Internal respiration
Provides a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air
Includes organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange
Conducting zone
Major entrance and exit for the respiratory system
Nose
Serous and mucus-producing cells also secrete the lysozome enzyme called _____, which have antibacterial properties
Defensins
Commonly called the throat
Funnel-shaped passageway inside the body
Pharynx
Top part of the throat connects to the nasal cavities and lets air pass through
Nasopharynx
Middle part of the throat connects to the oral cavity
Allows air, food and fluid to pass through
Oropharynx
Bottom part of the throat is near the larynx
Regulates the passage of air to the lungs and food and fluid to the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
First defense against infection
Tonsils
Equalizes pressure and help drain fluid
Connects to the ears and throat
Auditory (eustachian) tubes
Hollow tube that lets air pass from your throat to your trachea on the way to your lungs
Main functions: breathing creating vocal sounds and preventing food and other particles from getting into your trachea, lungs and the rest of your respiratory system
Larynx
A leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located behind the tongue, at the top of the larynx, or voice box
Seals off windpipe during eating so that food does not get inhaled
Epiglottis
Carries air in and out of your lungs
Provides reliable pathway for oxygen to enter body
Is formed by 16-20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue
Trachea
Two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs. Carries air to and from your lungs
Moisturizes the air you breath and screens out foreign particles
Bronchi
keeps your airways moist and traps bacteria, viruses, fungi and other particles to protect the lungs and prevent infection
Mucus
Branches from the tertiary bronchi
Further branch until they become tiny terminal bronchioles, which leads to the structures of gas exchange
Bronchiole
Includes structures that are directly involved in gas exchange
Respiratory zone
Smallest type of bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Smallest structures in the respiratory system
Alveoli
Are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi
Makes oxygen available to your body and remove other gases, such as carbion dioxide, from your body.
Lungs
A dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic activity
Diaphragm
Right lung consists of ___ lobes
3
Left lung consists of ___ lobes
2
Process that causes air to enter the lungs
Inspiration
Is the process that causes air to leave the lungs
Expiration
The process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into the interstitial fluid and into the cells
Internal respiration
Consists of the nose, pharynx and larynx
Upper respiratory tract
Consists of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs
Lower respiratory tract
Uses mechanical and chemical activities to break food down into absorbable substances during its journey through
Digestive system
Called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut
10.67 meters (35 feet) in length
Functions to nourish the body
Alimentary canal
Organs of the GI tract
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and anus
Allows air and nutrients to enter the body also helps in speaking
Mouth
Connects the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx
Pharynx
Hollow, muscular tube that passes food and liquid from your throat to your stomach
Carries food and liquid from your mouth to stomach
Esophagus
J-shaped organ
Produces enzymes and acids which breaks down food so it can pass the small intestine
Stomach
The point where the esophagus connects to the stomach and through which food passes into the stomach
Cardia
Left of the cardia
Dome-shaped
Fundus
Funnel-shaped
Connects the stomach to the duodenum
Pylorus
Where all absorption happens
Is about 3.05 meters (10 feet) long
Food is broken down into liquid and most of its nutrients are absorbed
Small intestine
Reabsorbs water and maintains the body’s balance of fluids, absorbing vitamins, processing undigested food material such as fiber and storing waste before elimination
Large intestine
Produces bile and exports to the duodenum
Largest gland in the body
Plays an important role in metabolism and regulation
Liver
Sits behind the stomach and in front of the spine
Has two main functions: exocrine and endocrine
Pancreas
Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion
Exocrine
Send out hormones that control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream
Endocrine
Pancreas releases the following enzymes
Lipase, amylase, protease
Works with bile to break down fats
Lipase
Breaks down carbohydrates for energy
Amylase
Breaks down proteins
Protease
Pear-shaped organ that stores and releases bile.
Gallbladder
Process of digestion
Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and defecation
Refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth
Ingestion
Act of swallowing, the last voluntary act until defecation
Propulsion
Consists of sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along
Peristalsis
Acidic “soup”
Chyme
Filters waste material (urea) from the blood and removes it from the body in the form of urine
Regulates water balance
Maintain blood pH (7.35-7.45)
Maintains electrolyte balance
Urinary system
The kidney filters about ____ liters of fluid every day
227
Participates in whole-body homeostasis, regulating acid-base balance, electrocyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure
The kidney
Filtering units in the kidney
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephrons
Groups of tiny blood vessels that perform the first stage of filtering the blood
Glomeruli
Reabsorbs and return water, nutrients and minerals your body needs
Removes waste, including excess acid and fluids through a process called diffusion
Renal tubules
Reabsorbs ions, water and nutrients, removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH
Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)
Principal function is in the recovery of water and sodium chloride from urine
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct system accounts for _____% of the kidneys reabsorption of sodium
And
___% of the kidney’s reabsorption of water
4-5 & 5
3 processes of urine formation
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
___% of the total blood pumped by the heart each minute will enter the kidneys to undergo filtration
20
When molecules and ions will be reabsorbed into the circulatory system
Reabsorption
The organ that holds urine until it is ready to be released and then helps to expel it from the body
Bladder
The tube that lets urine leave the bladder and the body
Urethra
Only system that we can live without
Functions are to reproduce the species, secrete hormones, produce germ cells for reproduction
In the female, maintains fetus and produces milk for nourishment of neonate
Reproductive system
Produces sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract
Male or testicular reproductive system
Components of the male reproductive system
Scrotum, testes, penis, duct system and the prostate
is located in a skin covered, highly pigmented, muscular sack that extends from the body behind the penis
scrotum
are the male gonads
produces both sperm and androgens, such as testosterone and are active throughout the reproductive lifespan
testes
primary functions are urinary and sexual
penis
the stiffening of the penis caused by sexual arousal and/or physical stimulation
erection
sexual function of the penis
ejection and ejaculation
the discharge of semen from the penis
ejaculation
coiled tube that connects the testicle to the vas deferens
Epididymis
is a long tube that connects to the epididymis
connects to ejaculatory ducts
Vas deferens
connect to the vas deferens and small pouches called the seminal vesicles
each duct empties into the urethra
Ejaculatory ducts
a long tube that has connections with both the ejaculatory ducts and the bladder
runs through the prostate gland and penis and opens at the glans
Urethra
contributes additional fluid to the semen (ejaculate)
fluid is slightly alkaline, milky or white in appearance
prostate
contains extremely compact haploid nucleus with very little cytoplasm
head of the sperm
filled with tightly packed mitochondria in the sperm
mid-piece
longest part and capable of wave-like motion that propels sperm for swimming and aids in the penetration of the egg
the tail or flagellum
produces gametes and reproductive hormones
has the additional task of supporting the developing fetus and delivering it to the outside world
female or ovarian reproductive system
components of the female reproductive system
ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, external genitalia, mammary glands
plays a critical role in both menstruation and conception
produce eggs for fertilization and make the hormones estrogen and progesterone
ovaries
three main jobs of the uterus
pregnancy, fertility and menstrual cycle
a pair of hollow, muscular ducts located between the ovaries and your uterus
fertilization occurs here
fallopian tubes
protects internal parts from infection and allow sperm to enter the vagina
external genitals
main parts of the external genitals
labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening, hymen
protects the other external reproductive organs
during puberty hair growth occurs on the skin which also contains sweat and oil-secreting glands
labia majora
can have a variety of sizes and shapes
skin is very delicate and can be easily irritated and swollen
labia minora
two labia minora meet at your clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion
is covered by a fold of skin called the prepuce and is very sensitive to stimulation
clitoris
opening allows menstrual blood and babies to exit the body
vaginal opening
is a piece of tissue covering or surrounding part of your vaginal opening
formed during development and present during birth
hymen
a gland located in the breasts of females that is responsible for lactation, or the production of milk.
only produces milk after childbirth
mammary glands
