A&P Part 2 Flashcards by Gwyneth Minerva

Externally secreting glands

Ex. Sweat, tears

Exocrine glands

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Internally secreting glands (in the blood)

Ex. Thryoid, parathyroid, adrenal etc

Endocrine glands

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Consists of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones as a primary or secondary function

Endocrine system

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Hormones derived from the modification of amino acids are referred to as ___ ___

Amine hormones

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Primary hormones derived from lipids and steroids

Are derived from lipid cholesterol

Are not soluble in water

Steroid hormone

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A protein located either inside the cell or within the cell membrane

Hormone receptor

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Is characterized by the inhibition of further secretion of a hormone in response to adequate levels of that hormone

Negative feedback

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Butterfly shaped organ

Located anterior to the trachea, just inferior to the larynx

Thyroid gland

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Medial region of the thyroid gland

Flanked by wing-shaped left and right lobes

Isthmus

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Thyroid follicles are made up of a central cavity filled with a sticky fluid called ____

Is the center of thyroid hormone production

Calloid

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Two hormones produced in the thyroid gland

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

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Are tiny, round structures usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

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The major hormone involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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A disorder caused by an overproduction of PTH that results in excessive calcium reabsorption from bone

Can significantly decrease bone density, leading to spontaneous fractures and deformities

Hyperparathyroidism

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Are wedges of glandular and neuroendocrine tissue adhering to the top of the kidneys by a fibrous capsule

Have a rich blood supply and experience one of the highest rates of blood flow in the body

Adrenal glands

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Secreted steroid hormones important for the regulation of the long-term stress response, blood pressure and blood volume, nutrient uptake and storage, fluid and electrocyte balance inflammation

Adrenal cortex

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Is an extension of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates homeostasis in the body

Is stimulated to secrete the amine hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adrenal medulla

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Major functions of the adrenal gland is to response to ___

Stress

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Is a long, slender organ, most of which is located posterior to the bottom half of the stomach

Pancrea

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Secretes the hormones glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

Pancreatic islets (formerly known as Langerhans)

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Is in the brain anterior and inferior to the thalamus

Both neural and endocrine functions, producing and secreting many hormones

Anatomically and functionally related to the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

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Can be thought of as the “command center” of the endocrine system

Secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands

Hypothalamus-pituitary complex

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Sits just beneath the base of the brain, behind the bridge of the nose

Called the “master gland”

Pituitary gland

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Inferior but somewhat posterior to the thalamus

Produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles.

Pineal gland

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Is located in the upper chest behind the breastbone Sits between the lungs in a part of the chest called the mediastinum Primary function is to train special white blood cells called T-lymphocytes or T-cells.

Thymus gland

Which gland is active during childhood? And decreases once puberty hits?

Thymus Gland

Primary hormones produced by the ovaries

Estrogens

Contributes to regulating the menstrual cycle and is important in preparing the body for pregnancy

Progesterone

Primary hormone produced by the testes A steroid hormone important in the development of the testicular reproductive system

Testosterone

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood Primarily functions to provide oxygen to body tissues for cellular respiration, remove waste product carbon dioxide, and help to maintain acid-base balance

Respiratory system

Where oxygen is inhaled into the air spaces (sacs) in the lungs and immediately into capillary blood vessels surrounding the sacs

External respiration

is the exchange of gases within cells in all organs of the body

Internal respiration

Provides a route for incoming and outgoing air, remove debris and pathogens from incoming air, and warm and humidify the incoming air Includes organs and structures not directly involved in gas exchange

Conducting zone

Major entrance and exit for the respiratory system

Nose

Serous and mucus-producing cells also secrete the lysozome enzyme called _____, which have antibacterial properties

Defensins

Commonly called the throat Funnel-shaped passageway inside the body

Pharynx

Top part of the throat connects to the nasal cavities and lets air pass through

Nasopharynx

Middle part of the throat connects to the oral cavity Allows air, food and fluid to pass through

Oropharynx

Bottom part of the throat is near the larynx Regulates the passage of air to the lungs and food and fluid to the esophagus

Laryngopharynx

First defense against infection

Tonsils

Equalizes pressure and help drain fluid Connects to the ears and throat

Auditory (eustachian) tubes

Hollow tube that lets air pass from your throat to your trachea on the way to your lungs Main functions: breathing creating vocal sounds and preventing food and other particles from getting into your trachea, lungs and the rest of your respiratory system

Larynx

A leaf-shaped flap of cartilage located behind the tongue, at the top of the larynx, or voice box Seals off windpipe during eating so that food does not get inhaled

Epiglottis

Carries air in and out of your lungs Provides reliable pathway for oxygen to enter body Is formed by 16-20 stacked, C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage that are connected by dense connective tissue

Trachea

Two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs. Carries air to and from your lungs Moisturizes the air you breath and screens out foreign particles

Bronchi

keeps your airways moist and traps bacteria, viruses, fungi and other particles to protect the lungs and prevent infection

Mucus

Branches from the tertiary bronchi Further branch until they become tiny terminal bronchioles, which leads to the structures of gas exchange

Bronchiole

Includes structures that are directly involved in gas exchange

Respiratory zone

Smallest type of bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

Smallest structures in the respiratory system

Alveoli

Are pyramid-shaped, paired organs that are connected to the trachea by the right and left bronchi Makes oxygen available to your body and remove other gases, such as carbion dioxide, from your body.

Lungs

A dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs and thoracic activity

Diaphragm

Right lung consists of ___ lobes

Left lung consists of ___ lobes

Process that causes air to enter the lungs

Inspiration

Is the process that causes air to leave the lungs

Expiration

The process of diffusing oxygen from the blood, into the interstitial fluid and into the cells

Internal respiration

Consists of the nose, pharynx and larynx

Upper respiratory tract

Consists of trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs

Lower respiratory tract

Uses mechanical and chemical activities to break food down into absorbable substances during its journey through

Digestive system

Called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut 10.67 meters (35 feet) in length Functions to nourish the body

Alimentary canal

Organs of the GI tract

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines and anus

Allows air and nutrients to enter the body also helps in speaking

Mouth

Connects the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx

Pharynx

Hollow, muscular tube that passes food and liquid from your throat to your stomach Carries food and liquid from your mouth to stomach

Esophagus

J-shaped organ Produces enzymes and acids which breaks down food so it can pass the small intestine

Stomach

The point where the esophagus connects to the stomach and through which food passes into the stomach

Cardia

Left of the cardia Dome-shaped

Fundus

Funnel-shaped Connects the stomach to the duodenum

Pylorus

Where all absorption happens Is about 3.05 meters (10 feet) long Food is broken down into liquid and most of its nutrients are absorbed

Small intestine

Reabsorbs water and maintains the body’s balance of fluids, absorbing vitamins, processing undigested food material such as fiber and storing waste before elimination

Large intestine

Produces bile and exports to the duodenum Largest gland in the body Plays an important role in metabolism and regulation

Liver

Sits behind the stomach and in front of the spine Has two main functions: exocrine and endocrine

Pancreas

Produces substances (enzymes) that help with digestion

Exocrine

Send out hormones that control the amount of sugar in your bloodstream

Endocrine

Pancreas releases the following enzymes

Lipase, amylase, protease

Works with bile to break down fats

Lipase

Breaks down carbohydrates for energy

Amylase

Breaks down proteins

Protease

Pear-shaped organ that stores and releases bile.

Gallbladder

Process of digestion

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption and defecation

Refers to the entry of food into the alimentary canal through the mouth

Ingestion

Act of swallowing, the last voluntary act until defecation

Propulsion

Consists of sequential, alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of alimentary wall smooth muscles, which act to propel food along

Peristalsis

Acidic “soup”

Chyme

Filters waste material (urea) from the blood and removes it from the body in the form of urine Regulates water balance Maintain blood pH (7.35-7.45) Maintains electrolyte balance

Urinary system

The kidney filters about ____ liters of fluid every day

227

Participates in whole-body homeostasis, regulating acid-base balance, electrocyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure

The kidney

Filtering units in the kidney Functional unit of the kidney

Nephrons

Groups of tiny blood vessels that perform the first stage of filtering the blood

Glomeruli

Reabsorbs and return water, nutrients and minerals your body needs Removes waste, including excess acid and fluids through a process called diffusion

Renal tubules

Reabsorbs ions, water and nutrients, removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH

Proximal convoluted tubules (PCT)

Principal function is in the recovery of water and sodium chloride from urine

Loop of Henle

Collecting duct system accounts for _____% of the kidneys reabsorption of sodium And ___% of the kidney’s reabsorption of water

4-5 & 5

3 processes of urine formation

Filtration Reabsorption Secretion

___% of the total blood pumped by the heart each minute will enter the kidneys to undergo filtration

When molecules and ions will be reabsorbed into the circulatory system

Reabsorption

The organ that holds urine until it is ready to be released and then helps to expel it from the body

Bladder

The tube that lets urine leave the bladder and the body

Urethra

Only system that we can live without Functions are to reproduce the species, secrete hormones, produce germ cells for reproduction In the female, maintains fetus and produces milk for nourishment of neonate

Reproductive system

Produces sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract

Male or testicular reproductive system

Components of the male reproductive system

Scrotum, testes, penis, duct system and the prostate

is located in a skin covered, highly pigmented, muscular sack that extends from the body behind the penis

scrotum

are the male gonads produces both sperm and androgens, such as testosterone and are active throughout the reproductive lifespan

testes

primary functions are urinary and sexual

penis

the stiffening of the penis caused by sexual arousal and/or physical stimulation

erection

sexual function of the penis

ejection and ejaculation

the discharge of semen from the penis

ejaculation

coiled tube that connects the testicle to the vas deferens

Epididymis

is a long tube that connects to the epididymis connects to ejaculatory ducts

Vas deferens

connect to the vas deferens and small pouches called the seminal vesicles each duct empties into the urethra

Ejaculatory ducts

a long tube that has connections with both the ejaculatory ducts and the bladder runs through the prostate gland and penis and opens at the glans

Urethra

contributes additional fluid to the semen (ejaculate) fluid is slightly alkaline, milky or white in appearance

prostate

contains extremely compact haploid nucleus with very little cytoplasm

head of the sperm

filled with tightly packed mitochondria in the sperm

mid-piece

longest part and capable of wave-like motion that propels sperm for swimming and aids in the penetration of the egg

the tail or flagellum

produces gametes and reproductive hormones has the additional task of supporting the developing fetus and delivering it to the outside world

female or ovarian reproductive system

components of the female reproductive system

ovaries, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, external genitalia, mammary glands

plays a critical role in both menstruation and conception produce eggs for fertilization and make the hormones estrogen and progesterone

ovaries

three main jobs of the uterus

pregnancy, fertility and menstrual cycle

a pair of hollow, muscular ducts located between the ovaries and your uterus fertilization occurs here

fallopian tubes

protects internal parts from infection and allow sperm to enter the vagina

external genitals

main parts of the external genitals

labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening, hymen

protects the other external reproductive organs during puberty hair growth occurs on the skin which also contains sweat and oil-secreting glands

labia majora

can have a variety of sizes and shapes skin is very delicate and can be easily irritated and swollen

labia minora

two labia minora meet at your clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion is covered by a fold of skin called the prepuce and is very sensitive to stimulation

clitoris

opening allows menstrual blood and babies to exit the body

vaginal opening

is a piece of tissue covering or surrounding part of your vaginal opening formed during development and present during birth

hymen

a gland located in the breasts of females that is responsible for lactation, or the production of milk. only produces milk after childbirth

mammary glands