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HL Geography > unit 3 LO1 global trends in consumption > Flashcards

unit 3 LO1 global trends in consumption Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a resource

A

something that has utility and value within the context of politicas, culture and economics

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2
Q

why incr middle class

A
  • incr avg incomes
  • decr ppl living in absolute poverty
    2009 1.8 bil middle classers
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3
Q

how is the incr middle class important economically

A

incr sales of goods
- electrical goods
- mobile phones
- cars

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4
Q

middle class min. and why some may still be vulnerable

A

$4/day
- vulnerable to underemployment and unemployment
- informal activity workers – no social or economic security

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5
Q

what is ecological footprint

A

peoples impact on the environment

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6
Q

how is ecological footprint calculated

A

total area of productive land and sea req per person
tp meet their food, energy, raw mat, water and waste disposal needs

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7
Q

unit for ecological footprint

A

gha (global hectares)

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8
Q

country depth of ecological footprint is measured by 3

A
  1. rate of pop growht
  2. levels of dev and consumption
  3. nature of avail. tech
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9
Q

purpose of EF

A

model for monitoring environmental impact
- allows direct comparisons betw grps and indivs, hics and lics

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10
Q

factors used in a full ecological footprint calc

A
  • bioproductive land (currently used)
  • bioproductive sea
  • energy land
  • built land
    -biodiversity land
  • non prod land
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11
Q

how countries incr EF

A
  • reliance on FFs
  • high lvls of imported resources (Transport)
  • large per capita food consumption
  • large per capita prod of carbon waste
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12
Q

how does country decr EF

A
  • improving efficiency of resource use
  • reducing mat of pollution prod
  • reducing population – decr resource use
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13
Q

EF of LICs vs HICs

A

LIC
SMALLER EF – less resource consumption

HIC
consumption and demand for energy resources are high (meat eating diet!!!)

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14
Q

how does meat eating diet in HIC incr EF

A
  • grain prod higher
  • GH gas emmisions from agri (betw 5.1-6.1 billion tonnes of GH gases, 10-12% annually)
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15
Q

4 ways to follow a sustainable dev pathway

A
  1. improve efficiency (Resource use)
  2. reduing consumption levels (HICs)
  3. maintain/enhance biodiversity and productivity – prot natural ecosystems
  4. control pop growth – edu, hc
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16
Q

differences in how HICs NICs and LICs use water

A
  • industrial – food, drink, textiles
  • domestic use
  • agri use
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17
Q

factors that lead to incr water consumption

A
  • growing middle class (incr afflucence)
  • growth of tourism and recreation (eg golf courses)
  • urbanisation
  • climate change (fresh water supply affected)
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18
Q

what is virtual/embedded water

A
  • the way water is transferred from one country to another thru exports
  • hidden flow of water when commodities are traded from one place to another
    INDIRECT USE
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19
Q

product with greatest virtual water consumption

A

meat
- hamburger – 2400 litres

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20
Q

change in diet leading to higher consumption (LIC –> MIC)

A

away from cereals
towards more varied: meat, veg, dairy

21
Q

methods to incr crop production

A
  • expanding farming area
  • multicropping – irrigation
  • high-yielding varieties / GMO
22
Q

reasons for energy insecurtiy

A
  • over reliance on oil/fossil fuels
  • incr demand esp from NICs
  • decreased supply reserves
  • global warming, natural disasters
23
Q

non renewable energy sources: coal and its impacts

A

biggest reserves in USA russia aus china india indonesia germany ukraine

strip mining
- destroys habitats, displaces wildlife, causes soil erosion
- direct extraction= land subsidence when mines collapse
- acid drainage (oxidation of sulfur in coal –> sulfuric acid) –> polluting, hazardous for water sources

24
Q

non renewable: crude oil

A

2016 prod 96mil barrels/day, demand 98
- future demand by china and india – pop growth, econ dev

25
Q

what is OPEC

A

intergovt org
– of 14 oil exporting nations
- coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its member countries

26
Q

non renewable: natural gas

A

naturally occuring hydrocarbon gas mixture
- formed when decomp plant and animal matter + high heat and pressuse for mils years
- consumption of is relatively constant (not incr like coal and oil)
- lowest neg impact on enviro

27
Q

advantages of fossil fuels

A
  • relatively cheap and plentiful
  • advanced tech = safe extraction
  • no other energy source produces this MUCH energy gromit
  • oil can be delivered over long dist – pipeline
28
Q

disadvantages of fossil fuels

A
  • global warming, GH gases
  • unsustainable: non renewable
  • will become harder to extract
  • air pollution (smoke, co2, particles)
  • acid rain (so2 and nitrogen oxides)
29
Q

alternative energy sources: hydroelectricity

A

production of elec by generators that are pushed by movement of water
- dams block water flow = large artificial lakes
- turbine converts KE of falling water –> mechanical energy
- generator: mechanical e –> electrical e

30
Q

benefits of hydroelec

A
  • renewable
  • no gh gases released = non polluting
  • low operation and maintenece cost
  • reliable
  • flexible: incr/decr acc to needs
  • safer
  • multi-purpose (can also be for irrigation, recreation eg boating)
  • aids downstream flood control
31
Q

limitations of hydroelec

A
  • high cost of building
  • loss of fish habitat downstream, flooding of wildlife habitat
  • changes in water quality (sedimentation)
  • relocation of ppl upstream (flooding) –> displacement
  • incr erosion downstream
  • water lost – incr evaporation
32
Q

renewable e: solar e

A
  • tech used to harness suns e
  • solar panels – indiv solar cells on panels
  • larger scale: solar-thermal power plants

heat used to boil water = drives steam turbine

33
Q

benefits of solar e

A
  • no operating costs
  • inexhaustible supply
  • much cheaper for heating homes
  • pollution free
  • works well in remote areas – plenty of sunlight
34
Q

limitations of solar e

A
  • high initial installation cost
  • requires professional installation for large scale panels
  • substantial sapce required (unsuitable for dense reisdential)
  • sunglight availiablity fluctuates thru the day, limited effectivenss during winter
35
Q

renewable energy: wind energy

A
  • air flow thru wind turbines - mechanical power to turn electric generators
  • energy generated thru electromagneticism –> supplied to electrical grid
36
Q

benefits of wind energy

A
  • little maintainence required
  • no co2 emissons, non pollutive
  • sustainable resource
  • prices of turbine equipment and installation decr over recent years
37
Q

limitations of wind energy

A
  • unpredictability of wind e
  • cost of initial deployment
  • low energy output
  • large unobstructed area required
38
Q

tidal energy renewble energy source

A

form of hydropower
- coverts e from tides into useful forms of power – electricity
- not widely used, has potential

39
Q

benefits of tidal energy

A
  • renewable
  • efficient energy source (Efficiency 80%)
  • predictability : tides cyclic rise and fall
  • does not prod emissions
40
Q

limitations of tidal energy

A
  • expensive initial cost
  • construction my damage enviro: turbine frames may disrupt marine ecosystems
  • places prod e far from places needing it – less cost effective
  • salt water = corrosion of metal parts
  • mechanical fluids could leak out - damage marine life
41
Q

geothermal energy renewable source

A

thermal e generated and stored in the earth
- water pumped into underground pipes
- geothermal heat heats it
- heated water heats buildings

42
Q

benefits of geothermal energy

A
  • environmentally friendly – not significant amt of pollution
  • geothermal resevoirs naturally replenished
  • does not involve fuels –> less cost fluctuation
  • plants built partially underground –> saves space
  • new tech adv –> geothermal resources exploitable, decr cost
43
Q

limitations geothermal energy

A
  • earthquakes – damage to plants
  • heavy upfront costs
  • only sustainable if resevoirs are properly managed
44
Q

biomass energy

A

biomass: waste material from plants, animals not used for food or feed
- org waste decomposes – gives off methane gas, which can be burned

45
Q

benefits of biomass energy

A
  • no harmful co2 emissions
  • products ar eabundant and renewable
  • reduces landfill use
46
Q

limitations of biomass energy

A
  • inefficient compared to fossil fuels
  • detrimental to enviro (incr methane gas)
  • requires large area of land
  • rate of harvest lower than rate of replacement
47
Q

nuclear power

A

use of nuclear reactions – release nuclear e to generate heat –> steam turbines to gen electricity
- 6% world energy, 14% worlds electricity
- over 400 reactors in operation worldwide

48
Q

benefits of nuclear power

A
  • does not emit co2
  • readily availiable tech
  • large amt of electrical e
  • very efficient compared to FF
  • inexpensive
  • minimal waste produced
49
Q

limitations of nuclear power

A
  • waste is extremely dangerous (chernobyl 1986)
  • uranium (energy source) is scarce and non-renewable
  • time needed to plan and construct a plant is 20-30y

HL Geography (20 decks)

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