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HL Geography > option D LO1 more or less > Flashcards

option D LO1 more or less Flashcards

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1
Q

CC divergent landforms 2

A

-rift valleys + block mountains
- rift volcano

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1
Q

OO divergent landforms 3

A
  • submarine basaltic volcano
  • mid oceanic ridge
  • island arc
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2
Q

OC convergent landforms 4

A
  • andesitic volcano
  • oceanic trench
  • volcanic arc
  • fold mountains
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3
Q

CC convergent landforms 2

A

fold mountains
rift valley

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4
Q

CC convergent example

A

himalayan mountains
- indian and eurasian plate

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5
Q

OO convergent landforms 3

A
  • submarine basaltic volcano
  • oceanic trench
  • island arc
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6
Q

transform landforms

A

faults
rift valleyst

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7
Q

transform boundary examples 2

A

north anatolian fault
- eurasian and anatolian plate
san andreas fault
- pacific and NA plates

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8
Q

action of OO divergent pb 5

A
  1. When 2 O plates move away from eo – gap in lithosphere
  2. Molten magma from astheno fills gap
  3. Magma contacts cold seawater = solidifies to form new crust
  4. A ridge forms along length of boundary
  5. landform – mid oceanic ridge eg Mid Atlantic Ridge (NA diverging from eurasian plate)
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9
Q

CC divergent pb action 2

A
  1. continental crust ripped apart (bc tensional forces caused by convection currents, tensional stress bc plumes)
  2. formation of rift vlleys and block mountians
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10
Q

OC convergent boundary 6

A
  1. denser O plate subduscts beneath C plate (forced into astenosphere)
  2. subducting plate heated and melted = magma
  3. magma less dense = rises, escapes thru cracks
  4. forms volcanoes – grows into volcanic arc
  5. point of subduction = deep trench
    (6. tensional forces may have relief of stress thru seismic activity)
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11
Q

2 how is seismic activity geerated

A
  1. massive friction and stress (between…)
  2. tremours generated by magma rising thru plate
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12
Q

OO convergent pb actions 4

A
  1. 2 O plates converge
  2. subducted plate younger, less dense BUT denser than mantle so sinks and melts
  3. magma rises and builds to form volcanoes – grow above sea line = volcanic island arc
  4. point o subduction = trench
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13
Q

CC covergence pb actions 2

A
  1. CC plates collide = massive crustal deformation (NO SUBDUCTION)
  2. forms fold mountains
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14
Q

what happens at transform boundaries

A
  1. paltes move past e/o along transform fault
  2. shallow focus earthquakes occur
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15
Q

volcanic hotspots are formed by _______ ______ rising _______ the plate

A

mantle plumes
within

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16
Q

5 steps volcano formation

A
  1. magma rises thru cracks in crust
  2. pressure builds
  3. eruption – pressure released at pb
  4. lava erupted cools into new crust
  5. successive euptions = built up
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17
Q

5 parts of volcano

A
  1. magma chamber
  2. pipe/conduit
  3. vent
  4. crater
  5. caldera / bigger crater
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18
Q

3 types of volcanoes and their characteristics

A

cinder vs shield vs composite

small vs VERY wide vs medium

short vs TALL vs medium

composite most eruptive

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19
Q

which volcano type is most eruptive

A

composite
eg mt fuji

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20
Q

3 types of lava

A

basaltic vs andesitic vs rhyolitic
fast vs medium vs slow
low viscosity vs medium vs high

21
Q

lower silica = ___ viscous
lower temp = ____ viscous

A

less
more

22
Q

lava definition

A

molten magma erupted onto earth surface

23
Q

pyroclastic materials def

A

loose unconsolidated volcanic materials ejected from a volcano

24
Q

3 compontents of pyroclastic materials

A
  1. volcanic ash – very fine particles, ash flows up to 200km/h
  2. lapilli: fine particles
  3. volcanic bombs
25
Q

characteristics of shield volcano

A
  • low, gently sloping sides
  • low viscosity lava (basaltic)
  • gentle eruptions
  • usually divergent boundaries/tensional
26
Q

characteristics of composite/strato volcanoes

A
  • highand steep profile
  • alternating eruptions of pyroclasts and lava
  • pyroclastic flow
  • usually convergent pb
  • secondary cones?
27
Q

ash cinder volcanoes characteristics

A
  • solid mat and lava blobs ejected
  • material blown violently, pieces settle around vent = builds cone
28
Q

nature and type of eruption is determined by amt of ______

A

silica

29
Q

2 types of lava flow

A

pahoehoe
- smooth, ropey appearance
A’a
- denser, more viscous, thick

30
Q

4 types of pyroclastic eruptions

A
  1. strombolian eg stromboli volcano italy
  2. vulcanian eg vulcano volcano italy
  3. pelean eg mt pelee
  4. vesuvian
31
Q

define pyroclastic flow

A

dense, fast moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic as, hot gases

pri hazard

32
Q

what are secondary hazards of volcanoes

A

flooding, lahars
- melting / mixing with snow and ice

33
Q

what are volcanic landslides

A
  • large masse of wet/dry rock and soil fall/flow rapidly due to gravity
  • can transform into a lahar (high water and fine mat)
34
Q

what is a lahar

A

hot/cold mixture of water and rock that flows down volcano slopes

35
Q

lahar formation 3

A
  1. eruptions melt snow and ice
  2. pyroclastic flows mix with snow and ice
  3. high vol of rainfall during/after = rainwater transports fine/loose volcanic sediment
36
Q

what index is used for measurement of volcanic eruptions

A

volcanic explosive index (vei)
- based on amt of mats, cloud height, damage

37
Q

define earthquakes

A

sudden vibrations in earths crust in response to geologic forces

38
Q

features of earthquakes 3

A
  1. focus (shallow <70km, deep >300)
  2. epicentre (point on ground above focus)
  3. seismic waves (P and S waves)
39
Q

what seismic wave is responsible for most earthquake damage

A

secondary waves bc it goes up and down

40
Q

3 severity factors for earthquakes

A
  1. magnitude
  2. dist from focus/epicenter
  3. local geologial conditions (rock soft/hard, water content)
41
Q

richter scale vs mercalli scale

A

measures magnitude vs measures intensity and damage (based on perception)

42
Q

4 human triggers for earthquakes

A
  1. construction of large dams (incr load = destabilises land)
  2. mining (material removed = instablility = sudden collapse = eq)
  3. hydraulic fracturing (fracking – injecting liquid at high pressure)
  4. testing nuclear weapons
43
Q

4 earthquake secondary hazards

A
  1. tsunamis
  2. landslides
  3. liquefaction
  4. transverse faults
44
Q

how do earthquakes cause tsunamis

A

2 underwater tectonic plates – 1 subducts = sudden vertical displacement of water
= huge waves
- incr friction with seabed slows waves = incr amplitude

45
Q

define mass movement

A

DOWNSLOPE movement of masses of rock
under the pull of GRAVITY

46
Q

shear strength vs shear stress

A

internal resistance of body to movement
vs
causes movement parallel to slope

47
Q

factors affecting shear strength 5

A
  1. internal cohesion (betw particles)
  2. vegetation (binding action of plant roots)
  3. frictional resistance
  4. pore water pressure (rain, irrigation, dam leakage)
  5. geographical – rock structure
48
Q

factors affecting shear stress 5

A
  1. steeper slope = incr
  2. slope gradient = gravity
  3. loaded (Adding weight)
  4. undercutting (roads, wave action)
  5. external shocks eg eq
49
Q

3 factors affecting mass mvoement

A
  1. gravity
  2. slope angle
  3. pore water pressure (incr = ability to move)
50
Q

2 steps slope failure

A
  1. decr in shear strength / internal resistance
  2. incr shear stress = pull down
51
Q

role of water in mass movements

A
  • replaces air in pores of rock = icnr weight
  • saturated materials = liquefaction bc vibrations
  • water reduce friction (sliding surface)
  • can change angle of repose (steepest angle where pile remains stable)

HL Geography (20 decks)

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