P1 G LO1d

Question 1

4 characteristics of deprived urban areas

Answer 1

Urban poverty

Urban deprivation

Development of slums and squatter settlements

Rise of the informal economy

Question 2

define urban poverty (as an absolute and relative standard)

Answer 2

an absolute standard based on
a minimum amt of income
needed to sustain a healthy and minimally comfortable life

a relative standard
set based on
average standard of living in the nation

Question 3

define urban deprivation

Answer 3

having a SOL below majority of city residents
- lack of access to resources
- differences in housing and econ opp
- EXCLUSION from opportunities

Question 4

where in HIC and LIC areas of cities is urban deprivation observed

Answer 4

HICs: inner city areas, ghettoes
LICs: shanty towns, slums and squatter settlements

Question 5

physical characteristics of urban deprived areas 3

Answer 5

• Quality of housing (run down, dilapidated, unsafe, impermanent housing) = large presence of informal housing
• Pollution levels
• Vandalism and graffiti (extent of maintenance, levels of crime)

Question 6

social characteristics of urban deprived areas 5

Answer 6

• High Crime rates
• Level of and access to healthcare
• Education levels (focus on primary vs tertiary levels)
• Proportion of population on benefits/welfare due to unemployment, disability etc
• Proportion of single-parent families

Question 7

economic characteristics of urban deprived areas

Answer 7

• unemployment / no employment opportunities
• low income

Question 8

political characteristics of urban deprived areas

Answer 8

• decr opp to vote and take part in community organisation
• extent of political legislation – not well implemented
• decr political legislation → decr funding for public facilities and services (emergency services, playground, transportation), programs, community-based events

Question 9

define slum

Answer 9

A living area that does not comply with building regulations and standards, has inadequate basic services and insecure tenure status

Question 10

UN definition of a slum household: 5 amenities they lack

Answer 10

One or a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area, lacking one or more of the following 5 amenities:
1. Durable housing – permanent, protection from extreme climatic conditions
2. Sufficient living space – max 3 ppl sharing a room
3. Access to improved water – accessible, sufficient, affordable water
4. Access to improved sanitation – private toilet/ public one shared by reasonable no. of ppl
5. Secure tenure – permanent, prot against forced eviction

Question 11

define squatter settlements / shanty towns

Answer 11

Settlements established by ppl who have illegally occupied an area of land and built houses (usually thru self-help processes)
- generally LICs, public land

Question 12

describe the process of slum formation 4

Answer 12

1. Income inequality + lack of econ growth (slowdown, recession
2. govt may choose to invest more in economic productive ventures (Eg. infra) instead of housing)
   + in-migration (high rural-urban rates – pop incr, supply cannot meet demand)
3. poverty + lack of affordable housing
4. slum formation

Question 13

slum solution: assisted shanty towns

Answer 13

• Authorities set aside land with appropriate enviro and soil conditions far from city centre
• Urban planning carried out (in accordance with national urban planning regs)
• ppl start moving in, govt builds roads and basic urban infrastructure
• Improvement of existing facilities

=Improves standard of living, sometimes may become formalised