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HL Geography > P1 assorted FCs > Flashcards

P1 assorted FCs Flashcards

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1
Q

define urban poverty 2

A

an ABSOLUTE standard based on a minimum amount of income needed to sustain a healthy and minimally comfortable life
+
a RELATIVE standard that is set based on the average standard of living in a nation

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2
Q

What is urban deprivation

A

Having a standard of living below the majority of city residents

  • Lack of access to resources
  • Differences in housing and econ opportunities
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3
Q

urban deprivation case study example

A

NYC, USA
manhattan: CBD
south bronx: poorest district in USA
1950s: white flight
1970s: sig. poverty levels, plummeting property values, rise of crime

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4
Q

define slum

A

A living area that does not comply with building regulations and standards, has inadequate basic services and insecure tenure status

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5
Q

5 amenties slum households lack 1 or more of

A
  1. Durable housing – permanent, protection
  2. Sufficient living space – max 3 ppl a room
  3. Access to improved water –sufficient, affordable water
  4. Access to improved sanitation – toilets
  5. Secure tenure – permanent, prot against forced eviction
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6
Q

what are squatter settlements/ shanty towns

A

Settlements established by ppl who have illegally occupied an area of land and built houses
(usually thru self-help processes)

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7
Q

slum case study

A

FAVELAS in rio de janeiro

  • Vibrant communities
  • Due to less regulation, political oversight
    Envt:
    street art
    Social:
    independent, personalities
    High levels of crime, run by drug rings –> Red Command: arms and drugs trafficking group
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8
Q

urban deprivation characteristic severe enviro pollution ex

A

smokey mountain, manila (23k+ ppl)
lack of disposal facilities and services – rubbish and disease

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9
Q

informal economy example

A

mexico
1/3 jobs in informal sector
14 mil ppl in informal jobs
- no taxes, no social security

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10
Q

differences between bazaar econ and street econ 3

A
  • Level of organisation: extent of permanence (permanent VS fleeting/temp/roving)
  • Nature of operations/ number of workers: larger number of people involved VS individual, dispersed
  • Location: extent of accessibility of goods and services
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11
Q

cycle of poverty + cycle of affluence…

A

reinforces socio-econ polarisation in the city BOOOOOOOO

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12
Q

urbanisation def

A

the increase in proportion of a territory’s pop living in towns and cities (vs rural)

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13
Q

natural increase def

A

diff betw live births and deaths each year

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14
Q

boundary changes example

A

leads to incr in size of urban area
eg punjab, india – extention of district boundaries incr urban pop by 1.5x

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15
Q

what is outward and inward movements

A

CENTRIFUGAL - when the blood go shake shake it go out like fountain

CENTRIPETAL - petal? tapers inwards. PETA? inbred ppl

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16
Q

define counterurbanisation

A

migration from urban region to rural areas

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17
Q

define suburbanisation

A

the outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas
- migration from core to ring

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18
Q

differences between counterurbanisation and suburbanisation

A
  • location —> distance from CBD (furthest vs further/close(r) to r-u fringe)
  • Population composition —> affluence/age (ageing population vs young families)
  • Quality of infrastructure
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19
Q

reasons for suburbanisation besides the obvious

A
  • Influence of govt, city authorities, city council(s) – central in suburban housing devt, policies to decentralise (zoning, regulations that make it easier for ppl to move out)
  • Availability of jobs in the suburbs – eg commercial or manufacturing
  • Deindustrialisation and urban unemployment in city
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20
Q

suburbanisation example

A

USA
1950-1990
suburbs pop 23.2% of total pop –> 46.2%

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21
Q

define urban sprawl

A

The unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion of an urban area into surrounding countryside

(sprawl defined as low density, single purpose, and car dependent)

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22
Q

urban sprawl example

A

Las Vegas, nevada USA
- pressure on r-u fringe
- decline in inner city areas – donut
- urban land incr rate exceeds pop growth

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23
Q

counter urbanisation def

A

The movement of population away from inner urban areas to a new area beyond the city limits/rural-urban fringe

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24
Q

suburbanisation vs counterurbanisation

A

Sub: CORE to RING
Counter: inner urban region to rural areas

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25
Q

reasons for counterurbanisation (push and pull)

A

push
- high land prices
- lack of community
- pollution, congestion
- declining services
- urban decay

pull
- perception of closer community
- safer
- change tenure from public/renting to private ownership
- incr mobility (Car ownership)
- employment relocated to fringe

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26
Q

neg consequences of counterurbanisation

A
  • Costly housing prices
  • Local rural young ppl cannot afford property
  • Incr local resentment towards urban ppl
  • Incr segregation by income and ethnicity
  • Incr car pollution
  • Decline in tax bases of cities → govt less money to maintain city and services → ppl move away → urban blight → land prices plummet → redevelopment
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27
Q

pos of counterurbanisation

A

its all just dev. of infra, services, facilities

28
Q

define gentrification

A

movement of upper+middle class households back into inner city

29
Q

reurbanisation def

A

Process where towns and cities in HICs experiencing loss of pop are able to reverse the decline

30
Q

urban regeneration 4

A
  1. dev new businesses
  2. urban conservation
  3. urban renewal
  4. comprehensive redev (high rise dev)
31
Q

example of urban regeneration

A

Bilbao, Spain – construction and opneing of the museum in 1997 (2 years before TPM)
industry was damaged in 1973 due to econ crisis (4 years before ANH)

32
Q

gentrificaton example

A

san francisco
1990s Dot-Com boom
- skilled tech and internet workers moved there : demand from startups & silicon valley businesses
- gentrification of historically poor neighbourhoods eg Mission District

33
Q

3 steps of gentrification

A
  1. Urban pioneers
    Move into run down areas w potential, start redev = incr prices
  2. Middle and upp income grps
    Demand for greater amenities, housing types and businesses
    Further incr in prices
  3. Displacement of lower income grps
34
Q

gentrification theories (2)

A
  1. rent cap theory
    econ explanation: current rental income vs potential (NA cities)
  2. consumption-side theory
    social and cultural upheaval, dev of arts and leisure + amenities (6 canadian cities)
35
Q

urban system definition

A

An urban system is a network of INTERDEPENDENT urban places

36
Q

Urban system example

A

singapore
- efficient land-use planning
- long term urban planning
- HDB (resettling squatters)

37
Q

main traits of urban systems growth

A
  1. transport
  2. waste management
  3. waste management
  4. telecommunication
  5. energy
38
Q

deindustrialisation def

A

long term, absolute decline in employment in the manufacturing sectors of an economy (loss of jobs rather than a decline in productivity — less workers =/= lower output)

39
Q

reasons for deindustrialisaion

A

Exhaustion of resources
Incr costs of raw mats
Automation and new tech
Intro of rival product
Fall in demand
Overseas comp from HICs
Rationalisation
A rise in costs
Removal of subsidy
Lack of capital

40
Q

deindustrialisation example

A

Detroit
- Was USAs fourth largest city
- 1960: highest per-capita income in USA
1980 motor factories closed down 20 facilities employing 50k workers

Long-term debts est over 18 billion

41
Q

positive deindustrialisation vs neg

A

pos
decr workers, incr prod – machines
neg
decline w/o incr prod

42
Q

reindustrialisation 4

A
  • Capital intensive production
  • High end manufacturing
  • High tech industries
  • Shift from Fordist mass production (structured production line) to Japanese flexible production (according to demand, made possible using tech)
43
Q

urban regeneration example

A

East London

Docklands area of London
canary wharf — financial district

(docklands until 1980s, then created the London Docklands Development Corporation to redev the area — 100k employed here

44
Q

categorising tourist activities

A

group vs indiv
purposes

45
Q

diff tourism areas

A
  • high density recreation
  • unique natural areas
  • general outdoor recreation
  • primitive areas
  • natural environmental areas
  • historic and cultural sites
46
Q

example of indiv tourism vs mass

A

skiing holidays
- Generally expensive (equipment)
- Mainly mountainous areas – food and bev imported (incr cost)
- 7 days
VS
mass tourism
- Cheaper – economies of scale
- 7-14 days
- coastal areas

47
Q

factors affectin personal participation in sports and tourism

A
  1. place of residence (leisure time, passport power, facilities)
  2. gender (gender sport gap)
  3. lifecycle (older = less energetic, retirement = more leisure)
  4. affluence (income)
48
Q

Travel developing countries example

A

China – rapid dev, incr foreign trips. None in 1990 but 400 million by 2035

49
Q

Travel dev countries exampl

A

UK – organised events, worth 2 bil pounds / year (eg festivals – festival attendance from 13 mil 2012 → 17 mil 2016)

50
Q

characteristics of informal economy

A

roadside vendors, recycled materials, essential goods eg food, cheaper cost, small scale, easy of entry

51
Q

reasons for urbanisation

A
  1. Agricultural improvements: tech advancements (HYV,GMO), less manpower required
  2. Industrialisation:
  3. Market potential
  4. Incr service activities
  5. Transport improvements
  6. Social and cultural attraction
  7. Natural pop growth
  8. Perception
52
Q

Davis’ theory of urbanisation

A

S curve, rate of urbanisation depends on level of development, highest rate in LICs

53
Q

reasons for suburbanisation

A
  1. improved transport = greater mobility
  2. incr in income, rising affluence
  3. relatively cheaper land in suburbs
  4. urban unemployment in city
  5. perceived AOL reasons
54
Q

negativ eimpacts of deindustrialisation

A

loss of jobs
loss of skilled labour and innovation (out migration)
decline in industrial regions
ppl move out = decr tax money = no upkeep = urban blight

55
Q

responses to deindustrialisation

A

reindustrialisation
corporate restructuring
tertiarisation (embrace knowledge intensive sectors)

56
Q

respinses to deindustrialisation: reindustrialisation

A
  • high end manufacturing, industries
  • high tech industries
  • switch from mass production to on demand production
57
Q

responses to deindustrialisation

A
  • cutting costs with tech
  • rise of international division of labour
  • disintegration – make it cheaper
  • strategic alliances
58
Q

factors affecting urban microclimate

A
  1. reduced. vegetation in urban areas
  2. properties of urban mats
  3. albedo
  4. emissivity
  5. urban geometry
  6. anthropogenic heat
  7. atmospheric pollution
  8. weather
  9. geographic location
59
Q

factors affecting urban microclimate esp at NIGHT

A

urban geometry – dimensions and spacing of buildings
- tall structures obstruct heat release from surfaces at night

60
Q

implications of UHI

A

incr energy consumption

impaired water equality

human health

61
Q

what is the systems approach to sustainable design

A

linear (unsustaibale) vs CIRCULAR (sustainable) – minimise input, maximise recycling

62
Q

what is urban metabolism

A

model to measure the probable inputs of resources and outputs of waste

63
Q

urban design principles of a resilient city

A
  1. density, diversity and mix
  2. pedestrians first
  3. transit supportive
  4. place making
  5. integrated natural systems
  6. integrated technical and industrial systems
64
Q

How analytics are key in a smart city

A

Data has value – citizens service demand can be constantly measured

Power and water demand measured in real time via tech – how much is used, when, where?

Identify leaks and disruptions – used to forecast future trends and stresses

Transport – traffic and parking sensors = signal time adjustments and rerouting congestion

65
Q
A

HL Geography (20 decks)

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