P1 assorted FCs Flashcards
define urban poverty 2
an ABSOLUTE standard based on a minimum amount of income needed to sustain a healthy and minimally comfortable life
+
a RELATIVE standard that is set based on the average standard of living in a nation
What is urban deprivation
Having a standard of living below the majority of city residents
- Lack of access to resources
- Differences in housing and econ opportunities
urban deprivation case study example
NYC, USA
manhattan: CBD
south bronx: poorest district in USA
1950s: white flight
1970s: sig. poverty levels, plummeting property values, rise of crime
define slum
A living area that does not comply with building regulations and standards, has inadequate basic services and insecure tenure status
5 amenties slum households lack 1 or more of
- Durable housing – permanent, protection
- Sufficient living space – max 3 ppl a room
- Access to improved water –sufficient, affordable water
- Access to improved sanitation – toilets
- Secure tenure – permanent, prot against forced eviction
what are squatter settlements/ shanty towns
Settlements established by ppl who have illegally occupied an area of land and built houses
(usually thru self-help processes)
slum case study
FAVELAS in rio de janeiro
- Vibrant communities
- Due to less regulation, political oversight
Envt:
street art
Social:
independent, personalities
High levels of crime, run by drug rings –> Red Command: arms and drugs trafficking group
urban deprivation characteristic severe enviro pollution ex
smokey mountain, manila (23k+ ppl)
lack of disposal facilities and services – rubbish and disease
informal economy example
mexico
1/3 jobs in informal sector
14 mil ppl in informal jobs
- no taxes, no social security
differences between bazaar econ and street econ 3
- Level of organisation: extent of permanence (permanent VS fleeting/temp/roving)
- Nature of operations/ number of workers: larger number of people involved VS individual, dispersed
- Location: extent of accessibility of goods and services
cycle of poverty + cycle of affluence…
reinforces socio-econ polarisation in the city BOOOOOOOO
urbanisation def
the increase in proportion of a territory’s pop living in towns and cities (vs rural)
natural increase def
diff betw live births and deaths each year
boundary changes example
leads to incr in size of urban area
eg punjab, india – extention of district boundaries incr urban pop by 1.5x
what is outward and inward movements
CENTRIFUGAL - when the blood go shake shake it go out like fountain
CENTRIPETAL - petal? tapers inwards. PETA? inbred ppl
define counterurbanisation
migration from urban region to rural areas
define suburbanisation
the outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas
- migration from core to ring
differences between counterurbanisation and suburbanisation
- location —> distance from CBD (furthest vs further/close(r) to r-u fringe)
- Population composition —> affluence/age (ageing population vs young families)
- Quality of infrastructure
reasons for suburbanisation besides the obvious
- Influence of govt, city authorities, city council(s) – central in suburban housing devt, policies to decentralise (zoning, regulations that make it easier for ppl to move out)
- Availability of jobs in the suburbs – eg commercial or manufacturing
- Deindustrialisation and urban unemployment in city
suburbanisation example
USA
1950-1990
suburbs pop 23.2% of total pop –> 46.2%
define urban sprawl
The unplanned and uncontrolled physical expansion of an urban area into surrounding countryside
(sprawl defined as low density, single purpose, and car dependent)
urban sprawl example
Las Vegas, nevada USA
- pressure on r-u fringe
- decline in inner city areas – donut
- urban land incr rate exceeds pop growth
counter urbanisation def
The movement of population away from inner urban areas to a new area beyond the city limits/rural-urban fringe
suburbanisation vs counterurbanisation
Sub: CORE to RING
Counter: inner urban region to rural areas
reasons for counterurbanisation (push and pull)
push
- high land prices
- lack of community
- pollution, congestion
- declining services
- urban decay
pull
- perception of closer community
- safer
- change tenure from public/renting to private ownership
- incr mobility (Car ownership)
- employment relocated to fringe
neg consequences of counterurbanisation
- Costly housing prices
- Local rural young ppl cannot afford property
- Incr local resentment towards urban ppl
- Incr segregation by income and ethnicity
- Incr car pollution
- Decline in tax bases of cities → govt less money to maintain city and services → ppl move away → urban blight → land prices plummet → redevelopment
pos of counterurbanisation
its all just dev. of infra, services, facilities
define gentrification
movement of upper+middle class households back into inner city
reurbanisation def
Process where towns and cities in HICs experiencing loss of pop are able to reverse the decline
urban regeneration 4
- dev new businesses
- urban conservation
- urban renewal
- comprehensive redev (high rise dev)
example of urban regeneration
Bilbao, Spain – construction and opneing of the museum in 1997 (2 years before TPM)
industry was damaged in 1973 due to econ crisis (4 years before ANH)
gentrificaton example
san francisco
1990s Dot-Com boom
- skilled tech and internet workers moved there : demand from startups & silicon valley businesses
- gentrification of historically poor neighbourhoods eg Mission District
3 steps of gentrification
- Urban pioneers
Move into run down areas w potential, start redev = incr prices - Middle and upp income grps
Demand for greater amenities, housing types and businesses
Further incr in prices - Displacement of lower income grps
gentrification theories (2)
- rent cap theory
econ explanation: current rental income vs potential (NA cities) - consumption-side theory
social and cultural upheaval, dev of arts and leisure + amenities (6 canadian cities)
urban system definition
An urban system is a network of INTERDEPENDENT urban places
Urban system example
singapore
- efficient land-use planning
- long term urban planning
- HDB (resettling squatters)
main traits of urban systems growth
- transport
- waste management
- waste management
- telecommunication
- energy
deindustrialisation def
long term, absolute decline in employment in the manufacturing sectors of an economy (loss of jobs rather than a decline in productivity — less workers =/= lower output)
reasons for deindustrialisaion
Exhaustion of resources
Incr costs of raw mats
Automation and new tech
Intro of rival product
Fall in demand
Overseas comp from HICs
Rationalisation
A rise in costs
Removal of subsidy
Lack of capital
deindustrialisation example
Detroit
- Was USAs fourth largest city
- 1960: highest per-capita income in USA
1980 motor factories closed down 20 facilities employing 50k workers
Long-term debts est over 18 billion
positive deindustrialisation vs neg
pos
decr workers, incr prod – machines
neg
decline w/o incr prod
reindustrialisation 4
- Capital intensive production
- High end manufacturing
- High tech industries
- Shift from Fordist mass production (structured production line) to Japanese flexible production (according to demand, made possible using tech)
urban regeneration example
East London
Docklands area of London
canary wharf — financial district
(docklands until 1980s, then created the London Docklands Development Corporation to redev the area — 100k employed here
categorising tourist activities
group vs indiv
purposes
diff tourism areas
- high density recreation
- unique natural areas
- general outdoor recreation
- primitive areas
- natural environmental areas
- historic and cultural sites
example of indiv tourism vs mass
skiing holidays
- Generally expensive (equipment)
- Mainly mountainous areas – food and bev imported (incr cost)
- 7 days
VS
mass tourism
- Cheaper – economies of scale
- 7-14 days
- coastal areas
factors affectin personal participation in sports and tourism
- place of residence (leisure time, passport power, facilities)
- gender (gender sport gap)
- lifecycle (older = less energetic, retirement = more leisure)
- affluence (income)
Travel developing countries example
China – rapid dev, incr foreign trips. None in 1990 but 400 million by 2035
Travel dev countries exampl
UK – organised events, worth 2 bil pounds / year (eg festivals – festival attendance from 13 mil 2012 → 17 mil 2016)
characteristics of informal economy
roadside vendors, recycled materials, essential goods eg food, cheaper cost, small scale, easy of entry
reasons for urbanisation
- Agricultural improvements: tech advancements (HYV,GMO), less manpower required
- Industrialisation:
- Market potential
- Incr service activities
- Transport improvements
- Social and cultural attraction
- Natural pop growth
- Perception
Davis’ theory of urbanisation
S curve, rate of urbanisation depends on level of development, highest rate in LICs
reasons for suburbanisation
- improved transport = greater mobility
- incr in income, rising affluence
- relatively cheaper land in suburbs
- urban unemployment in city
- perceived AOL reasons
negativ eimpacts of deindustrialisation
loss of jobs
loss of skilled labour and innovation (out migration)
decline in industrial regions
ppl move out = decr tax money = no upkeep = urban blight
responses to deindustrialisation
reindustrialisation
corporate restructuring
tertiarisation (embrace knowledge intensive sectors)
respinses to deindustrialisation: reindustrialisation
- high end manufacturing, industries
- high tech industries
- switch from mass production to on demand production
responses to deindustrialisation
- cutting costs with tech
- rise of international division of labour
- disintegration – make it cheaper
- strategic alliances
factors affecting urban microclimate
- reduced. vegetation in urban areas
- properties of urban mats
- albedo
- emissivity
- urban geometry
- anthropogenic heat
- atmospheric pollution
- weather
- geographic location
factors affecting urban microclimate esp at NIGHT
urban geometry – dimensions and spacing of buildings
- tall structures obstruct heat release from surfaces at night
implications of UHI
incr energy consumption
impaired water equality
human health
what is the systems approach to sustainable design
linear (unsustaibale) vs CIRCULAR (sustainable) – minimise input, maximise recycling
what is urban metabolism
model to measure the probable inputs of resources and outputs of waste
urban design principles of a resilient city
- density, diversity and mix
- pedestrians first
- transit supportive
- place making
- integrated natural systems
- integrated technical and industrial systems
How analytics are key in a smart city
Data has value – citizens service demand can be constantly measured
Power and water demand measured in real time via tech – how much is used, when, where?
Identify leaks and disruptions – used to forecast future trends and stresses
Transport – traffic and parking sensors = signal time adjustments and rerouting congestion
