Unit 3 Key Area 3&4 Flashcards
What is a mono culture
It is the agricultural practice of producing or growing one single crop in a wide area
What is a disadvantage of the monoculture
In these conditions weeds can compete with crop space light water and nutrients. Pests ans diseases populations can also multiply rapidly. This will reduce productivity
Definition of annual
Growth from seed and disperse seeds jn one year
Definition for perennial
Lives for more than 2 years will generally die back over winter and grow in spring
What are the properties of a annual plant
Rapid growth
Short life cycle
High speed output
Long-term speed viability
What is the properties of perennials
Storage organs
Vegetative reproduction (asexaul)
Example of annual plant
Chickweed
Example of perennial plant
Dandelion
Example of pests
Invertebrates
Insects
Nematodes worms
Molluscs
Slugs/snails
Ants
What are plant disease can be caused by whaf
Bacteria fungi virus
What are plant diseases are normally carries by
Invertebrates
How can you control weed, pest and diseases
By cultural means
Name 3 farming methods
Crop rotation
Ploughing
Removal of weeds
What is crop rotation
Process of growing different crops one after the other on the same piece of ground over several growing seasons
What is ploughing
Turning and loosening the top layer of soil and burying weeds pepper understand leading to them dieing and decomposing
What is removal of weeds
The removal of weeds from the soil reducing the competition with the crop plants. This should be done as early as possible
Are the 3 methods of farming preventative or curative
Preventative
What do pesticides provide you with
A cost effective way of improving yeild and quality of crops
What are the type different names of chemicals
Selective or systemic
What are the different forms of chemicals
Herbicides
Fungicide
Insecticides
Molluscisioes
Nematicides
Systemic herbicides work by
Spreading through the vascular system of plant preventing any regrowth
Selective herbicides work by
A greater effect on specific plant species such as brand leavesd weeds
Application of fungicide
Apply these before the decease effects the plant instead of after to treat the plant
Systemic insectides molluscicdes and nemacdies
Speed through the vascular system of plants and kills the pest rhaf feed kn the plant
Definition of toxicity
How much the chemical kills
Potential impact of toxicity
Some organisms in the ecosystem may be killed and so their is a knock on effect on the food Web
Persistence definition
How long a chemical remains / how long it takes to be broken down
Potential impact of persistence
A high persistence chemical will remain for a long time so if you add more it will build up
Bioaccumlation definition
The build up of pesticides within an organism
The potential impact of bioacculuamtion
Chemicals can build up to be toxic levels over time
Biomagnification potential impact
Animals further along the food chain may have toxic levels of the chemicals
Biomagnification definition
An increase in pesticides concentration going from one trophies level to the next in a food chain
Resistant populations definition
Population that is no longer killed by the chemical
Resistant populations potential impact
Chemical will become useless in the management of particular pest/disease
What us biological control
Involves the introduction of biological agent which could be a predator or parasite or pathogen of the pest
What does integrated pest management combine
Chemical, biological and cultural control
What are the risks which biological control
Control agent doesn’t kill pests
Predator may beocme a problem in environment
Predator could’ve kn to different environmental
Control agent might cause crop damage or eachother native plant
What are the 3 good environmental conditions
Costs, benefit ethics
Costs
Using money to give animal improved environmental conditions
Benefits
Content animal grow better, breed more successfully and generate higher quality products
Ethics
Moral value and rule to ensure humans are allowing animals to live without harm and neglect
What are the benefits of improved farming welfare
It normally means higher costs. But long term will be reduced stress improve fertility and higher quality products
Why is intensive farming less ethical than the free range farming
Because intensive has poorer animal welfare
What does free range require
More land
Products can be sold at a higher price
Animals have a better quality of life
Intensive farming land labour selling price and animal welfare
Small land
Low-level labour
Low selling price but greater profit
Low quality of life
Free range farming land labour selling price and animal welfare
Larger land area
Higher level of labour
Higher selling point for better quality
Higher quality of life
What are the behavioural indicators
Stereotypy
Misdirected behaviour
Failure in sexual behaviour
Failure in parenting behaviour
Altered level of activity apathy and hysteria
Stereotypy behaviour indicator
An animal shows repetitive behaviour that display distress in an enclosure
Examples
Pacing up and down
Biting objects
Excessive grooming
Misdirected behaviour
Animal behaviour is directed inappropriate usually onto the animal itself. The surrounding or others.
Example
Birds over plucking their feathers
Failure in sexual behaviour
Animal stops undergoing mating behaviour or stop physically bring able to mate
Failure in parenting behaviour
Animals fail undergo parental responsibility
- abandoning their young
- aggressive to their young
- stealing young from other females
Altered levels apathy
Low level is where the animal lies sit or stands in some positions for prolonged periods of time
Altered levels
Very high is where the animal moves about alot more or ses to be easily alarmed or I’m a state ot panic
What does symbiosis mean
A co-evolved relationship between two different species
Two types of symbiosis
Parasitsm
Mutualism
What does parasitism mean
One benefit and one is harmed.
And they have a limited metabolism dependence
Example of parasitsm
Tapeworms
Mosquit
Aphids
Malaria parasite
Mutualism definition
Both organisms benefits
What is a parasite
Derives it’s nutrition from another organism
What happens the host of the parasite
Harmed it at least loses some energy
Can parasites live without a host
They have a limited metabolism and cannot survive without a host
Methods of parasite transmission
Direct contact
Resistant stages
Vectors
What does direct contact mean
When the parasite goes from host to host when physically close
Resistant stages
Allows to survive in extreme conditions
Vector
Something else carries the diseases between the infected individual and new hosts
Secondary host means
A host that the parasite uses for a short time to allow them to complete their life cycle
Mutualism relationship is when
They both benefit from the interdependent relationship
Example of mutualism relationship
Bees pollinate the plants by spreading pollen.
The plant provides nectar, which is a food source for bees
Exmaples of social defence
Flock of birds
What are the benefits of social defence
Safety in numbers to avoid attack
Weaker and younger members have greater chance of survival
What is altruism
Is where the donor is harmed by giving to the recipient
Reciprocal altruism means
An individual gives in the expectation of return from the recipient
What is an exmaple of altruism
Wolves which bring back meat to members of the group who were not present at the kill
What is am example of reciprocal altruism
Grooming in primates.
Individual will expend time and energy grooming another member of the group in expection that the favour will be returned in the future.
What is kin selection
Is the evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of an organisms relative even at the cost to the organisms own survival and reproduction.
What is kin altruism
Is the altruistic behaviour whose evolution is driven by kin selection
What are the advantages of kin selection
Increased access to food
Increase chance of shared genes ot alleles being passed on.
Explain the theory behind altruism if linked to relatedness
The close the relationship the greater the shared number of genes is. Increasing the chnace of survival of the related individual increases the chnace of the shared genes getting passed on
What are social insects
They are insects which exhibit social behaviour ls whixh mean that they live together in large organised family’s groups and exhbit a range of complex behaviours
Example of social insects
Bees
Ants
Eusociality
Most individuals are sterile
In social insects which can reproduce
Only queen and drones
What are the roles of social insects
Defending the hive
Collecting pollen and nectar
Waggle dance to tell others workers the direction and distance of food
What does the waggle dance tell usv
The direction and distance of food
What is the benefit to the sterile workers of raising their relative
As the bees in a hive they are all related this will increase the survival of shared genes
What are primates
They are mammals that have a long period of parental care to allow learning of complex social behaviour
Example of primates
Monkeys
Apes
Humans
What are the behaviours of primates
Complex social behaviour support the social hierarchy which Is a rank order
Reduces conflict through threat of ritualistic display and appeasement behaviour
Form alliances between individuals, which are used to increase social status within the group
What do primates use to get a mate
Threat displays
What do threat displays work
They make themselves look larger and fiercer
What do appeasement behaviour look like
Consists of a submissive display that is the revrs3 of the threat ritual
What does the body look like when appeasing
Smaller, flatter, motionless and even vulnerable parts exposed
What are the main complex social behaviours
Grooming
Facial expressions
Body posture
Sexual presentation
What is grooming
Primates use grooming to reduce tension within the group. One animal picks plant material, please and scabs fr the fur of another animals
Explain facial expressions
It shows the acceptance of dominance by closing its eyes. It can be done by closing lips and rapidly making a GENTLE slapping noise.
Explain body posture
Subordinate males greet a dominant male in a servile manner by blowing and looking up towards him
Explain sexual presentation
Female use a sexual approach to appease a dominant male by offering their rumps for sniffing and possible mounting.
What are the 3 types of social group behaviours
Social hierarchy
Cooperative hunting
Social defence
What is social hierarchy
Individuals have a rank within the groups
What do social hierarchies increase the chnace of
Dominant animals favourable genes bring passed on to offspring
Why do animals form alliances in social hierarchies
To increase their social status within group
Example of animals that use social hierarchy
Wolves
Gorilla
Chicken
What are the benefits of social hierarchy
Limits violence within the group
Safety in larger groups
Can hunt more effectively
Weaker and younger animals can be cared for
What is cooperative hunting
Animals that hunt together
Example of animals thaf use cooperative hunting
Lions wolves
What are the benefits of cooperative hunting
More successful hunting
Larger prey caught
Less energy used
More food obtained
