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HIGHER BIOLOGY > Unit 2 Key Area 1 Metabolic Pathways & 2 Celluar Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 2 Key Area 1 Metabolic Pathways & 2 Celluar Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the metabolism

A

It is the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in a cell

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2
Q

What is the metabolism

A

It is the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in a cell

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3
Q

What are the two types of reactions that occur in cells

A

Anabolic
Catabolic

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4
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls all cell activity

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5
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Controls what leaves and enters the cell

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6
Q

Function of the mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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7
Q

Function of the cytoplasm

A

Site of chemical reaction

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8
Q

Function of the cytoplasm

A

Site of chemical reaction

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9
Q

Function of the Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

Function of the Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

What is an anabolic reaction

A

The build up of larger molecules from smaller ones and so require engery

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12
Q

What is an exmaole of a anabolic reaction

A

Phosphorylation

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13
Q

ADP + PI ->

A

ATP

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14
Q

What is a catabolic reaction

A

Reaction that breaks down larger molecules and therefore releases enegery

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15
Q

Example of catabolic reaction

A

Cellular respiration

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16
Q

Anabolic pathway amino acid

A

The amino acid is the substrate since it is loads of little acids being put together
The protien is the product as it is the larger molecules

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17
Q

Catabolic glucose +0²

A

The glucose and oxygen is the substrate since it will be broke down into smaller molecules
The water and carbon dioxide are the products

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18
Q

How is enegey moved and stored

A

In the form of ATP

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19
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

Are always ingested and controlled enzyme- catalysed pathways reaction within the cells

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20
Q

In a metabolic pathway what do they always have

A

Reversible steps
Irreversible
And alternative routes

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21
Q

What Is the basis of the membrane

A

Phosphlipids

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22
Q

What does the phosphlipod consist of

A

A head and tail

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23
Q

What are the parts of the phospholipid

A

Tail
Head

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24
Q

What is tail composed off

A

It is liquid
Hydrophobic

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25
Q

What is the head composed off

A

Phosphate
Hydrochloric

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26
Q

2 phosphlipid

A

The phosphlipid bilayer

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27
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalyse step in a metabolic process essential to the cell

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28
Q

Pores

A

To transport larger molecules across the membrane into and out

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29
Q

Pumps

A

Acts as carrier molecules which recognises spefic ions and transfers them across the membrane

Sodium
Potassium pump

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30
Q

What do all reactions need

A

Initial Input energy to be able break bonds

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31
Q

What is activation energy

A

The enegeey needed to cause chnage to reactant chemical

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32
Q

What are enzymes

A

They are biology catalyst

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33
Q

What does the enzymes do to the activation energy

A

It lowers the activation engery which means thr reaction can take place in cells

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34
Q

List some properties of enzymes

A

Lowers activation energy
Specific to substrate
Speeds up reaction
Made of protiens
Found in all living cells
Contains active site

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35
Q

Where is the active site

A

On the enzyme between the enzyme and the substrate

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36
Q

Where is the active site

A

On the enzyme between the enzyme and the substrate

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37
Q

What are enzymes

A

They are large complex protiens folded into a specific shape so they can fit a particular substrate.

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38
Q

How to describe an enzyme model

A

The induced fit model

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39
Q

Why does haveinf different orangelles with different function have an advantage

A

Maximise productivity since each ine can do something different

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40
Q

What does every organelle have

A

A membrane

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41
Q

What are the components of a plasma membrane

A

Phosphlipid and protiens

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42
Q

What is the biolayer always doing

A

Constantly moving

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43
Q

Factors effecting enzyme activity

A

Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration

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44
Q

Do substrate have a high affinity or low

A

They have a High one for the active site

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45
Q

Do products have a low or high affinity

A

They gave a low for the active site allowing then to leave it

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46
Q

Do products have a low or high affinity

A

They gave a low for the active site allowing then to leave it

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47
Q

Whwn does the induced fit occur

A

When the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after it has bound.

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48
Q

Explain how a substrate binds with enzyme

A

The enzyme active site is open to allow substrate to bind to the active site
The binding at the active site causes a chnage in the active site to a closer position.
Brings the substrates and enzyme closer together and reaction takes place.
Once the product is formed the active site return too open and release the product.

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49
Q

Why does the induced fit happen

A

To reduce the amount of energy required to start the reaction

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50
Q

How can biochemical pathways be controlled

A

By switching on qnd off enzyme production. This avoids wasting resources

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51
Q

If the correct enzyme of present then what will happen

A

The pathway proceeds

52
Q

If one enzyme is missing from the pathway what will happen

A

The pathway will stop

53
Q

What have an effect on the direction and rate of enzyme reaction

A

Substrate and product

54
Q

What happens when you remove a product or during the presence of a substrate

A

It will drive d sequence of reaction in a particular direction

55
Q

What is another way pathways can be controlled through

A

Competitive, non-competitive and feedback inhibition

56
Q

How many inhibitor are their

A

Two

57
Q

What are the two types of inhibitors

A

Competitive and non Competitive

58
Q

How to competive inhibitor work

A

They bind at the active site and stop the substrate from fitting in

59
Q

Properties of a competitive inhibitor

A

Similar shape to the substrate
Has the complimentary shape to the active site
Binds to the active site
Prevents the formation of enzyme-substrate

60
Q

How do non-compettive inhibitors work

A

They attach at the allosteric site not at the active site and causes a change in shape so that thr enzyme cannot accept the substrate

61
Q

Non competitive inhibitor properties

A

Binds away from the active site
Causes a change in the tertiary structure of the enzyme
Chnages the shape of the enzyme
Prevents the formation of enzyme- substrate complexes

62
Q

On a rate of reaction vs substrate concentration. Does comptivie reach the max rate as no inhibitor

A

Yes but at a higher concentration

63
Q

What inhibitor can be over come

A

Competitive

64
Q

How can the competitive inhibitor be overcome

A

With a higher substrate concentration

65
Q

What is the result of feedback inhibition

A

The end product then inhibits an the EARLIER ENZYME, BLOCKING pathway to prevents the synthesis of the end product

66
Q

When does feedback inhibition happen

A

When the metabolic pathway reached a critical concentration.

67
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

A series of enzyme controlled reactions that release energy from food

68
Q

What are you uses for energy

A

Muscle contraction
Active transport
DNA replication
Protien synthesis

69
Q

What are the 3 domains of life

A

Archea eukarya and bacteria

70
Q

Why is cellular respiration important

A

Yield energy

71
Q

What is the cental of important

A

Metabolic pathway of cellaur respiration

72
Q

What is the cental of important to cells

A

Metabolic pathway of cellaur respiration

73
Q

Aerobic respiration word equation

A

Glucose + oxygen -» CO2 + water + ATP

74
Q

Whaf type of reaction is Glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water

A

Catabolic

75
Q

Why is engery relased in celluar respiration

A

To be used in anabolic reactions

76
Q

What is the role of dehydrogenase

A

To remove the Hydrogen and electrons

77
Q

What is atp and it’d role

A

It Is a molecules that cells used to capture store and transport free enevery in a chemical form

78
Q

ADP+Pi = ATP

A

An anabolic reaction

79
Q

What is the universal link between catabloiblc and anabolic

A

ATP

80
Q

Where is the rnegery stored on the ATP molecules

A

Inside the 3rd bond of Pi

81
Q

Is ATP high engery or low

A

High

82
Q

Is ADP +Pi high or low energy

A

Low

83
Q

Stage 1 of aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis

84
Q

Stage 2 of aerobic respiration

A

Citric acid cycle

85
Q

What is stage 3 of aerobic respiration

A

Electron transfer chain

86
Q

What does glucose get broke down too

A

Pyruvate

87
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

In the cytoplasm

88
Q

What happens to the glucose and intermediate during stage 1

A

They are phosphorylated

89
Q

What does phosphorylation use up in stage 1

A

2 ATP molecules

90
Q

What stage is the use of phosphorylation

A

The engery investment stage

91
Q

What stage is the use of phosphorylation

A

The engery investment stage

92
Q

How many ATP is used up in stage 1

A

2

93
Q

How many ATP is released during stage 1 of aerobic respiration

A

4 ATP

94
Q

What is the net gain in glycolysis

A

2 ATP

95
Q

What stage is 4 ATP produced

A

In the engery pay off stage

96
Q

What happens during the break down of glucose to pyruvate

A

Dehydroenase enzymes remove the Hydrogen ions and electrons.

97
Q

What is the name of the enzyme whixh removes the Hydrogen ions and electrons

A

Dehydrogenase

98
Q

What happens to the Hydrogen ions and the electrons once they are removed from the enzyme

A

They are passed to a coenzyme called NAD which is reduced to form NADH

99
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate and 2ATP
Hydrogen ions and electrons

100
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

101
Q

Does stage 1 require oxygen or not

A

Does not

102
Q

Does stage 2 need to be ib the present of oxygen order to work

A

Yes needs oxygen

103
Q

What is pyruvate broken down too in the citric acid cycle

A

Acetyl

104
Q

What does acetly combine with and what is the product

A

Coenzyme
To form acetly-coenzymeA

105
Q

What does acetly combine with and what is the product

A

Coenzyme
To form acetly-coenzymeA

106
Q

What does the acetly group joins with in stage 2

A

With the oxaloacetate

107
Q

Acetly group + oxaloacetate makes

A

Citrate

108
Q

How does oxaloacetate regenerated in stage 2

A

In a series of enzyme controlled enzymes

109
Q

When oxaloacetate is regenerated what products are made

A

ATP and carbond dioxide

110
Q

What are the products of stage 2

A

Carbon dioxide hydrogen and electrons

111
Q

Where does stage 3 take place

A

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

112
Q

What do the NADH do in stage 3

A

Drop of the Hydrogen ion and electron

113
Q

What happens to the electrons in the in stage 3

A

They are high energy electrons that are passed along the electron transport chain, a series of carrier protiens on the inner surface of the mitochondria membrane

114
Q

Do the High energy electrons stay high energy

A

They provide the enegery to pump the Hydrogen ions across the membrane meaning they become low energy

115
Q

How is the ATP generated

A

When the Hydrogen ion flow back across through the membrane protien in ATP synthase

116
Q

What happens to produce the energy in stage 3

A

ADP +Pi -> ATP

117
Q

What is the ATP made by

A

The enzyme ATP synthase

118
Q

Where does Fermentation take place

A

In the cytoplasm

119
Q

Why does fermentation happen

A

When their is no oxygen

120
Q

What does fermentation produce

A

A small amount of ATP

121
Q

In animal cells what is pyruvate converted

A

Lactate

122
Q

Is fermentation in animal cells a reversible reaction or not

A

Is it a reversible reaction

123
Q

What is pyruvate converted to in fermentation in plant and yeast cells

A

Ethanol and CO2

124
Q

Is fermentation in plant and yeast cells a reversible reaction or not

A

It is irreversible

125
Q

Is fermentation in plant and yeast cells a reversible reaction or not

A

It is irreversible

HIGHER BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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