Unit 2 Key Area 1 Metabolic Pathways & 2 Celluar Respiration Flashcards
What is the metabolism
It is the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in a cell
What is the metabolism
It is the sum of all chemical reactions taking place in a cell
What are the two types of reactions that occur in cells
Anabolic
Catabolic
Function of nucleus
Controls all cell activity
Function of cell membrane
Controls what leaves and enters the cell
Function of the mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
Function of the cytoplasm
Site of chemical reaction
Function of the cytoplasm
Site of chemical reaction
Function of the Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
Function of the Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
What is an anabolic reaction
The build up of larger molecules from smaller ones and so require engery
What is an exmaole of a anabolic reaction
Phosphorylation
ADP + PI ->
ATP
What is a catabolic reaction
Reaction that breaks down larger molecules and therefore releases enegery
Example of catabolic reaction
Cellular respiration
Anabolic pathway amino acid
The amino acid is the substrate since it is loads of little acids being put together
The protien is the product as it is the larger molecules
Catabolic glucose +0²
The glucose and oxygen is the substrate since it will be broke down into smaller molecules
The water and carbon dioxide are the products
How is enegey moved and stored
In the form of ATP
Metabolic pathways
Are always ingested and controlled enzyme- catalysed pathways reaction within the cells
In a metabolic pathway what do they always have
Reversible steps
Irreversible
And alternative routes
What Is the basis of the membrane
Phosphlipids
What does the phosphlipod consist of
A head and tail
What are the parts of the phospholipid
Tail
Head
What is tail composed off
It is liquid
Hydrophobic
What is the head composed off
Phosphate
Hydrochloric
2 phosphlipid
The phosphlipid bilayer
Enzyme
Catalysed step in a metabolic process essential to the cell
Pores
To transport larger molecules across the membrane into and out
Pumps
Acts as carrier molecules which recognises spefic ions and transfers them across the membrane
Sodium
Potassium pump
What do all reactions need
Initial Input energy to be able break bonds
What is activation energy
The enegeey needed to cause chnage to reactant chemical
What are enzymes
They are biology catalyst
What does the enzymes do to the activation energy
It lowers the activation engery which means thr reaction can take place in cells
List some properties of enzymes
Lowers activation energy
Specific to substrate
Speeds up reaction
Made of protiens
Found in all living cells
Contains active site
Where is the active site
On the enzyme between the enzyme and the substrate
Where is the active site
On the enzyme between the enzyme and the substrate
What are enzymes
They are large complex protiens folded into a specific shape so they can fit a particular substrate.
How to describe an enzyme model
The induced fit model
Why does haveinf different orangelles with different function have an advantage
Maximise productivity since each ine can do something different
What does every organelle have
A membrane
What are the components of a plasma membrane
Phosphlipid and protiens
What is the biolayer always doing
Constantly moving
Factors effecting enzyme activity
Temperature
pH
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration
Do substrate have a high affinity or low
They have a High one for the active site
Do products have a low or high affinity
They gave a low for the active site allowing then to leave it
Do products have a low or high affinity
They gave a low for the active site allowing then to leave it
Whwn does the induced fit occur
When the active site changes shape to better fit the substrate after it has bound.
Explain how a substrate binds with enzyme
The enzyme active site is open to allow substrate to bind to the active site
The binding at the active site causes a chnage in the active site to a closer position.
Brings the substrates and enzyme closer together and reaction takes place.
Once the product is formed the active site return too open and release the product.
Why does the induced fit happen
To reduce the amount of energy required to start the reaction
How can biochemical pathways be controlled
By switching on qnd off enzyme production. This avoids wasting resources
If the correct enzyme of present then what will happen
The pathway proceeds
If one enzyme is missing from the pathway what will happen
The pathway will stop
What have an effect on the direction and rate of enzyme reaction
Substrate and product
What happens when you remove a product or during the presence of a substrate
It will drive d sequence of reaction in a particular direction
What is another way pathways can be controlled through
Competitive, non-competitive and feedback inhibition
How many inhibitor are their
Two
What are the two types of inhibitors
Competitive and non Competitive
How to competive inhibitor work
They bind at the active site and stop the substrate from fitting in
Properties of a competitive inhibitor
Similar shape to the substrate
Has the complimentary shape to the active site
Binds to the active site
Prevents the formation of enzyme-substrate
How do non-compettive inhibitors work
They attach at the allosteric site not at the active site and causes a change in shape so that thr enzyme cannot accept the substrate
Non competitive inhibitor properties
Binds away from the active site
Causes a change in the tertiary structure of the enzyme
Chnages the shape of the enzyme
Prevents the formation of enzyme- substrate complexes
On a rate of reaction vs substrate concentration. Does comptivie reach the max rate as no inhibitor
Yes but at a higher concentration
What inhibitor can be over come
Competitive
How can the competitive inhibitor be overcome
With a higher substrate concentration
What is the result of feedback inhibition
The end product then inhibits an the EARLIER ENZYME, BLOCKING pathway to prevents the synthesis of the end product
When does feedback inhibition happen
When the metabolic pathway reached a critical concentration.
What is cellular respiration
A series of enzyme controlled reactions that release energy from food
What are you uses for energy
Muscle contraction
Active transport
DNA replication
Protien synthesis
What are the 3 domains of life
Archea eukarya and bacteria
Why is cellular respiration important
Yield energy
What is the cental of important
Metabolic pathway of cellaur respiration
What is the cental of important to cells
Metabolic pathway of cellaur respiration
Aerobic respiration word equation
Glucose + oxygen -» CO2 + water + ATP
Whaf type of reaction is Glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water
Catabolic
Why is engery relased in celluar respiration
To be used in anabolic reactions
What is the role of dehydrogenase
To remove the Hydrogen and electrons
What is atp and it’d role
It Is a molecules that cells used to capture store and transport free enevery in a chemical form
ADP+Pi = ATP
An anabolic reaction
What is the universal link between catabloiblc and anabolic
ATP
Where is the rnegery stored on the ATP molecules
Inside the 3rd bond of Pi
Is ATP high engery or low
High
Is ADP +Pi high or low energy
Low
Stage 1 of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Stage 2 of aerobic respiration
Citric acid cycle
What is stage 3 of aerobic respiration
Electron transfer chain
What does glucose get broke down too
Pyruvate
Where does glycolysis take place
In the cytoplasm
What happens to the glucose and intermediate during stage 1
They are phosphorylated
What does phosphorylation use up in stage 1
2 ATP molecules
What stage is the use of phosphorylation
The engery investment stage
What stage is the use of phosphorylation
The engery investment stage
How many ATP is used up in stage 1
2
How many ATP is released during stage 1 of aerobic respiration
4 ATP
What is the net gain in glycolysis
2 ATP
What stage is 4 ATP produced
In the engery pay off stage
What happens during the break down of glucose to pyruvate
Dehydroenase enzymes remove the Hydrogen ions and electrons.
What is the name of the enzyme whixh removes the Hydrogen ions and electrons
Dehydrogenase
What happens to the Hydrogen ions and the electrons once they are removed from the enzyme
They are passed to a coenzyme called NAD which is reduced to form NADH
What are the products of glycolysis
Pyruvate and 2ATP
Hydrogen ions and electrons
Where does the citric acid cycle take place
In the matrix of the mitochondria
Does stage 1 require oxygen or not
Does not
Does stage 2 need to be ib the present of oxygen order to work
Yes needs oxygen
What is pyruvate broken down too in the citric acid cycle
Acetyl
What does acetly combine with and what is the product
Coenzyme
To form acetly-coenzymeA
What does acetly combine with and what is the product
Coenzyme
To form acetly-coenzymeA
What does the acetly group joins with in stage 2
With the oxaloacetate
Acetly group + oxaloacetate makes
Citrate
How does oxaloacetate regenerated in stage 2
In a series of enzyme controlled enzymes
When oxaloacetate is regenerated what products are made
ATP and carbond dioxide
What are the products of stage 2
Carbon dioxide hydrogen and electrons
Where does stage 3 take place
Inner membrane of the mitochondria
What do the NADH do in stage 3
Drop of the Hydrogen ion and electron
What happens to the electrons in the in stage 3
They are high energy electrons that are passed along the electron transport chain, a series of carrier protiens on the inner surface of the mitochondria membrane
Do the High energy electrons stay high energy
They provide the enegery to pump the Hydrogen ions across the membrane meaning they become low energy
How is the ATP generated in stage 3
When the Hydrogen ion flow back across through the membrane protien in ATP synthase
What happens to produce the energy in stage 3
ADP +Pi -> ATP
What is the ATP made by
The enzyme ATP synthase
Where does Fermentation take place
In the cytoplasm
Why does fermentation happen
When their is no oxygen
What does fermentation produce
A small amount of ATP
In animal cells what is pyruvate converted
Lactate
Is fermentation in animal cells a reversible reaction or not
Is it a reversible reaction
What is pyruvate converted to in fermentation in plant and yeast cells
Ethanol and CO2
Is fermentation in plant and yeast cells a reversible reaction or not
It is irreversible
Is fermentation in plant and yeast cells a reversible reaction or not
It is irreversible
