Unit 2 KA3 Metabolic Rate & KA4 conformer And Regulator Flashcards
What Is an organisms metabolic rate
Is the amount of energy expended by that organisms in a given time period
How can someone’s metabolic rate be compared
By measuring oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide and energy output in thr form of heat
What does indirect calorimetry
Measures the respiration in an organism by measuring 02 uptake or CO2 production
In a respirometer what direction does the liquid go
Will move towards the organisms
When the organisms is more active what happens to the energy
Higher engery cost
Basal metabolic rate
The energy required by an organism at rest
BMR is measured in
Oxygen consumed
Do mammals and birds have a High metabolic rate or low?
High
Do mammals and birds have a higher metabolic rate then fish and reptiles
Yes
Do fish have a High or low metabolic rate
Low
What is required for aerobic respiration
Oxygen
What do organisms with higher metabolic rate need?
They need efficient delivery of O2 to their cells
What is the heart responsible for
Delivery oxygen to the cells
What direction do the arteries go
Away from the heart
What is the pressure of arteries
High
What direction is the capillaries
Close to the tissue
What is the function of the capillaries
Allow oxygen to pass from the blood stream into tissue build around the cells and carbon dioxide to go from fluid to the bloodstream
What is the pressure of capillaries
Low
What direction to the veins go
Towards the heart
What is the function of the veins
To carry blood to the heart
What is the pressure in the vein
Low
What are the two types of chambers
Atria
Ventricals
Atria
Where blood enters the heart
Ventricals
Where blood leaves the heart
What do all vertbrates have?
A complete circulatory system where the blood is contained in a continuous circuit of blood vessels
Do fish have a single or double circulation
Single
Do fish have a High or low metabolic rate
Low
How is the fish low pressured aided
By the body movement when swimming
How is the fish low pressured aided
By the body movement when swimming
In a double circulatory system, how many times does the blood pass through the heart
Twice
What circulatory system do amphibians and reptiles
Incomplete double circulatory system
How many atrium do amphibians and reptiles have
2
How many ventrials do amphibians and reptiles have
1
What happens in a double circulatory that is incomplete
Since it only has one ventrial so oxygened blood mixes with deoxygenated blood.
What type of system do mammals and birds
Complete double circulatory system
How many chambers are their in a complete septum
4
Why is a complete system more effective
Because their is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygened blood
What does complete double circulatory system enable
A higher metabolic rate to be maintained
How does having a complete system help warm blooded animals exist
Oxygen is delivered to respiring tissues which release heat and jeep the body warm in endothermic organisms
What is the metabolic rate affected by
By external abiotic factors
3 abiotic factors
Temperature, pH, salinity
What are conformers
Are organisms that are dependent on their external environment
What are regulators
They are organisms that can regulate their internal environment and maintain a steady rate regardless of their surrounding
Do conformers have a High or low metabolic cost
Low
Why do conformers have a low metabolic cost
Because they do not need energy to keep their internal environment at a steady state
Why are conformers restricted
Because they have a narrow range of ecological niches
Are conformers adaptable to change
They are less adaptable
Why are conformers less adaptable to chnage
Because they have a narrow range of ecological niches
Conformers example
Lizard
Snake
Desert lizard
How to regulators control their internal environment
They use physiological responses
What is the regulation of of regulators internal environment called
Homeostasis
Do regulators have a High or low metabolic cost
High
Why do regulators have a High metabolic cost
They have to expend energy generated by uts metabolism on the physiological mechanism needed to maintain its inner steady state
Are regulators adapble
Yes they can exploit a wide range of ecological niches
The range that an organism can survive in can be plotted as what
A tolerance curve
What does a complete conformer look like on a graph
Straight line with increasing gradient
What does a regular look like on a graph
Roughly straight horizontal line
Why is a conformer a straight line on a graph
Internal temperature varied with the external temperature
Why is a regulator a horizontal straight line on a graph
The internal environment reminds the same regardless on external change
Why will conformers have a narrow range of habitat
Their metabolism is dependent on external temperatures
The regulator will have a wider habitat range because
Their metabolism will function optimally regardless of External temperatures
Do conformers or regulators have high energy cost
Regulators
What do regulators maintain
Homeostasis
How do regulators maintain a homeostasis
Negative feedback loops
A factor can increase or decrease from its norm ot set point what sensed it
Receptors
What do the receptors do
Sent messages to the effectors
What do effectors do
They bring about a corrective response to lower or raise the factor back to its norm or set point
What is thermoregulation
Maintaining a steady internal temperature regardless of external
What are the receptors for temperature
Hypothalamus
What is the temperature monitoring centre
Hypothalamus
What are the signals / messages carrier by
Nerves
What happens if the sweat gland if hot
It will relases more sweat which cool the body as it takes heat to evaporate it form the skin surface
If cold what does the sweat gland do
Release less swear to cut down evaporation
What are the fat layers for
Acts as insulation
What does the hair do when it’s cold
If cols erector muscle contracts pulling hair upright - trapping a layer of air acting as an insulator
When their is an increase in body temperature what are the corrective measures
Sweating, vasodilatiom ans relaxed erector muscles
When their is an decrease in body temperature what are the corrective measures
Shivering, vasoconstriction , contraction of erector muscles and decrease in sweating
What is thermoregulation important for
Optimal enzyme activity and fast diffusion rates to maintain metabolism
What is vasodilation
Arterioles close to the skin become dilated. This allowed blood to flow near the surface of skin. Blood will lode hear by radiation
Vasoconstriction
Arterioles close to the skin become constricted. This allowed small volumes of blood to flow to the surface. Little heat is lost by radiation
Arterioles
Small blood vessels under the surface of the skin
Shivering
Uncontrolled contractionbof muscles generates heat to increase body temperature
Sweating
Heat energy gtom the body us used to convert the water into sweat to water vapour and this lowers the body temperature
Metabolic rate
Increase to increase the body temperature by producing heat energy.
Hair erection
Hair erector muscles contract and raise hair from the surface. This allows air to be trapped between skin and hair and provides insulation and reduces heat loss.
Why is it important for the temperature to be regulated
To allow enzymes to operate under optimum conditions and high diffusion rates
What are the two conditions that maintain metabolism
Temperature high diffusion rate
Exmaole of a conformer behaviour
Basking on rocks
