Key Area 5 Metabolism And Adverse Conditions Flashcards
What will animals do in environments that are beyond tolerable limits
Adapt to survive
Able to avoid them
What do animals do to aviod adverse condition
Adapt to survive
Or aviod them
What is dormancy
Part of the organisms lifcycle where metabolism is reduced in order to save energy
What does dormancy do
Lowers the metabolic rate, heart rate breathing rate and body temperature
Name the types of dormancy
Hibernation
Aestivation
Daily torpor
What season does hibernation happen
Winter
What is hibernation
It is a form or predictive dormancy that enables the animal to survive adverse conditions of winter
What do animals do before hibernating
They consume alot of food to gey fat. This fat acts as a insulation.
Example of an animal that hibernates
Hedgehog
Dormouse
What season does aestivation happen
Summer or extreme hit weather
What is aestivation
A form of consequencetial dormancy that enable animal to survive periods of excessive heat and drought in summer
When does the metabolic rate Increase again in aestivation
When favourable return
What is an exmaple of aestivation
Snails
Corodiles
Definition of the daily torpor
Animal metabolism rate and activity is greatly reduced for the part of 24h cycle
Example of daily torpor
Hummingbird
Bat
Is hibernation predictive or consequential
Predictive
Is aestivation predictive or consequential
consequential
Predictive dormancy
Happens before the adverse condition
Consequential dormancy
Occurs after thr adverse condition
What is migration
It is the regular movement of species members from one place to another over a relatively large distance
How does migration avoid metabolic adversity
By avoiding shortage of food and low temperature
Exmoale of animals thag migrate
Lease,reindeer salmon butterfly
What is the migration trigger
Day length changing
Lower temperature
Food shortage
What are the influences oj migration
Innate and learned behaviour
Innate behaviour
Inherited and flexible
Learned behaviour
Is gained by experience and begins after birth
4 types of animal trackers
Radio trackers
Satellite trackers
Ultrasound transmitters
Ringing
Radio transmitters
Can be glued to animals body or implanted under the skin. It emits signals thag are picked up by satellites
Satellite tracking
Using information from transmitter. Animals movements can be tracked qnd information is sent to ground stations
Ultrasound transmitters
Transmitters attached to animals and movements of animql can be tracked by scientists picking up signals
Ringing trackers
Metal bands can be attached to birds legs. Birds xan be recaptured and the information recored from the tag.
What microbial metabolism can be manipulated genetically
Bacteria
Archea
Eukaryote
Example of bacteria
E.coli
Exmaple of archea
Thermophiles
Eukaryotes exmaple
Algae and fungi
Why are microorganisms used
•high ability to adapt
• easy to cultuvate
•fast growth speed
•ability ro produce molecules such as amino acid, vitamins and fatty acid
To ensure successful growth, what needs to be carefully controlled
Growth media
Culture conditions
To ensure successful growth, what needs to be carefully controlled
Growth media
Culture conditions
What is the engery source for culturaling microorganisms
Carbohydrates
What are the nutrients needed for microorganisms
Raw materials for cellular building blocks such as amino acids and
nucleotides needed for biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids for new
cells
Why do you need a sterling conditions for microorganisms
To eliminate contamination that would effect the growth of the microbe
Temperature- microorganisms
Keeper constant foe optimum growth rate
Oxygen - microorganisms
Give a supply of oxygen for aerobic respiration to occur. Some will not require oxygen.
pH
Keeps constant and use a pH buffer
What is fermenter
It is a container where microorganisms xan grow in large quantities
What is a fermenter connected to
To a computer via probe and can be used to monitor overhanging condition
When does exponential growth occur
The number / mass of bacteria double every growth cycle
What is the doubling rate
The time taken for the number of bacterial cells to double
What is the doubling rate
The time taken for the number of bacterial cells to double
What are the four main stages of the fermenter
Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase
Whaf happens at the lag phase
Little or no increase in the cell number. This is because enzymes are INDUCED to metabolise substrate
What happens at the log phase
Cell grows and multiply at the maximum rate - if all the factors are their
Rapid growth due to plentiful nutrients
Stationary phase what happens
Nutrients in the culture begin to become depleted or the production of the toxic metabolites
The rate of production of new cells equal the death rate
What is also produced in the stationary phase
Secondary metabolites which are antibiotics.
In the wild this would give the microbe an advantage over the ones tbaf don’t produces these
Death phase
All microbes due due to lack of nutrition in the culture or toxic metabolism accumulating
Rate of cells during new cells exceed the number of new cells produced
Why is producing an antibiotic an advantage in the wild
Because the microbe that produces them are able to kill other microorganisms by inhibiting their growth
What is total cell count
Count the viable and dead cells
Viable cell count
Count only the living microorganisms
How can wild strains be improved
By mutagenesis
Recominant DNA
Mutagenesis
Is the creation of mutations
Rate of mutations can be increased by use of mutegenic agents
What can improved a new strain of mutations
Exposure to uv radiation and other forms of radiation or mutagenic chemicals
Mutagenic agents
Radiation - xray
Chemicals - mustard gas
What is recominant DNA technology
A technique used in genetic engineering where a required plant or animal green sequence is transferred into a microorganisms
Describe the process of recombinant
Gene sequences are transferred from donor cell to host bacterium using a vector such as a plasmid. The transformed host will express the gene gene.
A host cells has recombinant DNA
A combination of its own and foreign DNA
What does recombinant DNA need
Donor cells
Enzymes
Vectors
Host cells
Enzymes for recombinant DNA
Ligase
Restriction endonueases
Donor cells recombinant DNA
Plant animal
Step 1 in recombinant DNA technologies
Identify the section of DNA of intrest and cut it out of the chromosome. This is done by using enzyme call restriction endouelease. Each type of enzyme can recognise specific base sequence on the DNA ans cut at a specific site.
What enzyme is used to cut out the section of DNA In recombinant DNA
Restriction endonuelease
When the DNA is cut it sometime makes a staggered cut what is this called
Sticky ends
Why to sticky ends leave each end with unpaired bases
So that it can pair wirh complimentary sticky ends cut hy the same enzyme
Step 2 in recombinant DNA
This is to attach the cut out DNA to a vector that will then carry the DNA from donor to host. The enzyme ligase is used to join the ends of thr cut donor DNA ro the cut ends of the vector
What can vector be
Recombinant plasmids or artificial Chromosomes
What enzyme cuts up the vector
Restriction endonuclease
For a vector to be effective ut must have
Restriction site
Regulatory sequence
Selectable markers
Orgin of replication
Restriction site
Contains the target sequence of DNA where the specific restriction endonuclease cuts this allows them to be used by the same enzyme cut the gene
Regulatory sequence
Control gene expression of the vector own gene as well as the newly inserted gene
Selectable marker
Sush as antibiotic resistance gene protects microorganisms from the selective agent. That would normally kill it or stop growth. Therfore only thr vector one grows
Selectable marker
Sush as antibiotic resistance gene protects microorganisms from the selective
Origin of replication
Allows for self-replication of the different. This is essential for the generation of more copies of thr plasmids
What are plasmids
They are naturally occurring extra cellular circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria and yeast cells
How are artificial chromosomes made
They are usually made by adding non-bacterial DNA to bacterial chromosome.
Why are artifical chromosomes
They useful in that they carry larger fragments of DNA than is possible using plasmids
Plant or animals DNA sequences placed in bacteria mau result I polypeptide that are not folded correctly or are not modified correctly after translation. How can this be avoided ?
DNA of Eukaryotes contain introns and exons but bacterial DNA only has exons.
Recombinant yeast cells may be used instead of bacteria as plants or animals Recominant DNA expressed in bacteria may result in polypeptide being incorrectly folded
Describe safety mechanism used to prevent the survival of genetically modified microorganisms in the external environment
Introduce genes to allow then to survive in the lab
