Key Area 5 Metabolism And Adverse Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

What will animals do in environments that are beyond tolerable limits

A

Adapt to survive
Able to avoid them

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2
Q

What do animals do to aviod adverse condition

A

Adapt to survive
Or aviod them

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3
Q

What is dormancy

A

Part of the organisms lifcycle where metabolism is reduced in order to save energy

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4
Q

What does dormancy do

A

Lowers the metabolic rate, heart rate breathing rate and body temperature

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5
Q

Name the types of dormancy

A

Hibernation
Aestivation
Daily torpor

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6
Q

What season does hibernation happen

A

Winter

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7
Q

What is hibernation

A

It is a form or predictive dormancy that enables the animal to survive adverse conditions of winter

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8
Q

What do animals do before hibernating

A

They consume alot of food to gey fat. This fat acts as a insulation.

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9
Q

Example of an animal that hibernates

A

Hedgehog
Dormouse

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10
Q

What season does aestivation happen

A

Summer or extreme hit weather

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11
Q

What is aestivation

A

A form of consequencetial dormancy that enable animal to survive periods of excessive heat and drought in summer

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12
Q

When does the metabolic rate Increase again in aestivation

A

When favourable return

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13
Q

What is an exmaple of aestivation

A

Snails
Corodiles

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14
Q

Definition of the daily torpor

A

Animal metabolism rate and activity is greatly reduced for the part of 24h cycle

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15
Q

Example of daily torpor

A

Hummingbird
Bat

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16
Q

Is hibernation predictive or consequential

A

Predictive

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17
Q

Is aestivation predictive or consequential

A

consequential

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18
Q

Predictive dormancy

A

Happens before the adverse condition

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19
Q

Consequential dormancy

A

Occurs after thr adverse condition

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20
Q

What is migration

A

It is the regular movement of species members from one place to another over a relatively large distance

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21
Q

How does migration avoid metabolic adversity

A

By avoiding shortage of food and low temperature

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22
Q

Exmoale of animals thag migrate

A

Lease,reindeer salmon butterfly

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23
Q

What is the migration trigger

A

Day length changing
Lower temperature
Food shortage

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24
Q

What are the influences oj migration

A

Innate and learned behaviour

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25
Q

Innate behaviour

A

Inherited and flexible

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26
Q

Learned behaviour

A

Is gained by experience and begins after birth

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27
Q

4 types of animal trackers

A

Radio trackers
Satellite trackers
Ultrasound transmitters
Ringing

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28
Q

Radio transmitters

A

Can be glued to animals body or implanted under the skin. It emits signals thag are picked up by satellites

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29
Q

Satellite tracking

A

Using information from transmitter. Animals movements can be tracked qnd information is sent to ground stations

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30
Q

Ultrasound transmitters

A

Transmitters attached to animals and movements of animql can be tracked by scientists picking up signals

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31
Q

Ringing trackers

A

Metal bands can be attached to birds legs. Birds xan be recaptured and the information recored from the tag.

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32
Q

What microbial metabolism can be manipulated genetically

A

Bacteria
Archea
Eukaryote

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33
Q

Example of bacteria

A

E.coli

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34
Q

Exmaple of archea

A

Thermophiles

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35
Q

Eukaryotes exmaple

A

Algae and fungi

36
Q

Why are microorganisms used

A

•high ability to adapt
• easy to cultuvate
•fast growth speed
•ability ro produce molecules such as amino acid, vitamins and fatty acid

37
Q

To ensure successful growth, what needs to be carefully controlled

A

Growth media
Culture conditions

38
Q

To ensure successful growth, what needs to be carefully controlled

A

Growth media
Culture conditions

39
Q

What is the engery source for culturaling microorganisms

A

Carbohydrates

40
Q

What are the nutrients needed for microorganisms

A

Raw materials for cellular building blocks such as amino acids and
nucleotides needed for biosynthesis of proteins and nucleic acids for new
cells

41
Q

Why do you need a sterling conditions for microorganisms

A

To eliminate contamination that would effect the growth of the microbe

42
Q

Temperature- microorganisms

A

Keeper constant foe optimum growth rate

43
Q

Oxygen - microorganisms

A

Give a supply of oxygen for aerobic respiration to occur. Some will not require oxygen.

44
Q

pH

A

Keeps constant and use a pH buffer

45
Q

What is fermenter

A

It is a container where microorganisms xan grow in large quantities

46
Q

What is a fermenter connected to

A

To a computer via probe and can be used to monitor overhanging condition

47
Q

When does exponential growth occur

A

The number / mass of bacteria double every growth cycle

48
Q

What is the doubling rate

A

The time taken for the number of bacterial cells to double

49
Q

What is the doubling rate

A

The time taken for the number of bacterial cells to double

50
Q

What are the four main stages of the fermenter

A

Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase

51
Q

Whaf happens at the lag phase

A

Little or no increase in the cell number. This is because enzymes are INDUCED to metabolise substrate

52
Q

What happens at the log phase

A

Cell grows and multiply at the maximum rate - if all the factors are their
Rapid growth due to plentiful nutrients

53
Q

Stationary phase what happens

A

Nutrients in the culture begin to become depleted or the production of the toxic metabolites
The rate of production of new cells equal the death rate

54
Q

What is also produced in the stationary phase

A

Secondary metabolites which are antibiotics.
In the wild this would give the microbe an advantage over the ones tbaf don’t produces these

55
Q

Death phase

A

All microbes due due to lack of nutrition in the culture or toxic metabolism accumulating

Rate of cells during new cells exceed the number of new cells produced

56
Q

Why is producing an antibiotic an advantage in the wild

A

Because the microbe that produces them are able to kill other microorganisms by inhibiting their growth

57
Q

What is total cell count

A

Count the viable and dead cells

58
Q

Viable cell count

A

Count only the living microorganisms

59
Q

How can wild strains be improved

A

By mutagenesis
Recominant DNA

60
Q

Mutagenesis

A

Is the creation of mutations
Rate of mutations can be increased by use of mutegenic agents

61
Q

What can improved a new strain of mutations

A

Exposure to uv radiation and other forms of radiation or mutagenic chemicals

62
Q

Mutagenic agents

A

Radiation - xray
Chemicals - mustard gas

63
Q

What is recominant DNA technology

A

A technique used in genetic engineering where a required plant or animal green sequence is transferred into a microorganisms

64
Q

Describe the process of recombinant

A

Gene sequences are transferred from donor cell to host bacterium using a vector such as a plasmid. The transformed host will express the gene gene.

65
Q

A host cells has recombinant DNA

A

A combination of its own and foreign DNA

66
Q

What does recombinant DNA need

A

Donor cells
Enzymes
Vectors
Host cells

67
Q

Enzymes for recombinant DNA

A

Ligase
Restriction endonueases

68
Q

Donor cells recombinant DNA

A

Plant animal

69
Q

Step 1 in recombinant DNA technologies

A

Identify the section of DNA of intrest and cut it out of the chromosome. This is done by using enzyme call restriction endouelease. Each type of enzyme can recognise specific base sequence on the DNA ans cut at a specific site.

70
Q

What enzyme is used to cut out the section of DNA In recombinant DNA

A

Restriction endonuelease

71
Q

When the DNA is cut it sometime makes a staggered cut what is this called

A

Sticky ends

72
Q

Why to sticky ends leave each end with unpaired bases

A

So that it can pair wirh complimentary sticky ends cut hy the same enzyme

73
Q

Step 2 in recombinant DNA

A

This is to attach the cut out DNA to a vector that will then carry the DNA from donor to host. The enzyme ligase is used to join the ends of thr cut donor DNA ro the cut ends of the vector

74
Q

What can vector be

A

Recombinant plasmids or artificial Chromosomes

75
Q

What enzyme cuts up the vector

A

Restriction endonuclease

76
Q

For a vector to be effective ut must have

A

Restriction site
Regulatory sequence
Selectable markers
Orgin of replication

77
Q

Restriction site

A

Contains the target sequence of DNA where the specific restriction endonuclease cuts this allows them to be used by the same enzyme cut the gene

78
Q

Regulatory sequence

A

Control gene expression of the vector own gene as well as the newly inserted gene

79
Q

Selectable marker

A

Sush as antibiotic resistance gene protects microorganisms from the selective agent. That would normally kill it or stop growth. Therfore only thr vector one grows

80
Q

Selectable marker

A

Sush as antibiotic resistance gene protects microorganisms from the selective

81
Q

Origin of replication

A

Allows for self-replication of the different. This is essential for the generation of more copies of thr plasmids

82
Q

What are plasmids

A

They are naturally occurring extra cellular circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria and yeast cells

83
Q

How are artificial chromosomes

A

They are usually made by adding non-bacterial DNA to bacterial chromosome.

84
Q

Why are artifical chromosomes

A

They useful in that they carry larger fragments of DNA than is possible using plasmids

85
Q

Plant or animals DNA sequences placed in bacteria mau result I polypeptide that are not folded correctly or are not modified correctly after translation. How can this be avoided ?

A

DNA of Eukaryotes contain introns and exons but bacterial DNA only has exons.
Recombinant yeast cells may be used instead of bacteria as plants or animals Recominant DNA expressed in bacteria may result in polypeptide being incorrectly folded