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HIGHER BIOLOGY > Unit 3 KA1 Food Supply, Plant Growth, And Productivity > Flashcards

Unit 3 KA1 Food Supply, Plant Growth, And Productivity Flashcards

1
Q

What is food security?

A

It is the ability of a population yo access food in sufficient quality and quantity to maintain a healthy population

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2
Q

Why is food security an increasing problem in thr human population?

A

Increase in human population without a change in land available

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3
Q

What is meant by sustainable food production?

A

Good is produced and can continue to he produced without damaging the system required

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4
Q

Name the issues that decrease food production

A

Pests
Competition
Diseases

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5
Q

Name the issues that increase food production

A

Breeding higher yield cultivars
Soil nutrients
Soil profile

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6
Q

Explain pests’ effect on food production

A

Decrease yield either by feeding om crops or by making the plant less healthy

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7
Q

Explain competition on food production

A

Weeds or too dense planting will slow down plant growth

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8
Q

Explain the effect of diseases on food production

A

Decrease yield as the plant is less healthy.
May also produce good that is unsuitable for eating

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9
Q

Explain breeding higher yield cultivars on food production

A

Will increase yield, but some require more intensive farming methods and are more dependent on particular soil profiles and nutrients.

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10
Q

What Is a cultivars

A

Are a plant or group of plants selected for particular characteristics

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11
Q

Explain soil nutrient effects on food production

A

Plants require specific nutrients profiles. Some may need to be added using fertilisers. Can also use crop rotation.

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12
Q

How is energy lost

A

By movement, heat and undigested food and waste

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13
Q

What does livestock produce less off

A

Livestock produces less food per unit area than plant crops

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14
Q

How much energy is past on at each feeding level

A

10%

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15
Q

How does energy less explain why livestock produces less food per unit area than plant crops

A

Each step in a food chain brings a loss of fixed energy/ mass so a kg of meats needs much more engery then 1 kg of wheat to be produced.

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16
Q

Explain why engery is lost from thr good chain as waste, but not from the food Web

A

Decomposes and other organisms can still feed on the waste so the engery I’d still available.

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17
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide and water goes to glucose and oxygen with the use of chlorophyll and light.

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18
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes when light hits a leaf

A

Absorbed and used for photosynthesis
Reflected
Transmitted

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Name all the parts of a chloroplast

A

Stroma
Lamella
Starch grains
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Granum

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21
Q

What is the granum

A

Where the photosynthic pigments are.

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22
Q

What does absorption mean

A

Take something in

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23
Q

Order colour for absorption spectra

A

Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, organe, red

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24
Q

Why are chloroplast green

A

They absorb every other colour of wavelength expect green which is reflected

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25
Q

Name the different types of pigments

A

Chlorophyll A
Chlorophyll B
Carotenoids - accessory pigments

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26
Q

What does chlorophyll a absorb

A

They absorb very strongly in the blue/Violet wavelength and in the red wavelengths

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27
Q

Why is it useful to the plant to have several different pigments

A

They can absorb more of different wavelength of light to maximise photosynthesis

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

What does absorption spectrum show

A

How much light is absorbed at each wavelength by a pigment

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30
Q

What does Chlorophyll b absorb

A

absorbs strongly in the blue and also in the red wavelengths

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31
Q

What does carotenoids absorb

A

They strongly absorb blue and green light at wavelengths where chlorophyll a and b are poor at absorbing. So carotenoids extend the rane of wanelghtd thag plants xan absorb

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32
Q

What does carotenoids do

A

They extend the range of wavelengths that plants can absorb

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33
Q

What does action spectra show

A

They show the wavelengths of light that produce the most active photosynthesis

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34
Q

Explain the shape of the action spectra compared with the absorption spectra fr above

A

The action spectrum is made of all the absorption spectra added together. It shows the rate of photo from each wavelength of light (all the different pigments working together)

35
Q

What is stage 1 of photosynthesis called

A

Photolysis

36
Q

Step 1 of photosynthesis synthesis in stage 1

A

Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll creating high engery electrons

37
Q

What is step 2 in photosynthesis in stage 1

A

Electrosn passed along the transport chain pumping Hplus ions into the grana

38
Q

What is step 3 of photosynthesis during stage 1

A

Engery is also used to split water
Water-> oxygen and hydrogen

39
Q

What is Step 4 of photosynthesis in stage 1

A

Hydrogen picked by NADP to make NADPH for carbon fixation.

40
Q

What is step 5 in photosynthesis in stage 1

A

Hydrogen ions used by ATP synthase to make ATP for carbon fixation

41
Q

What is carried over from stage 1 to 3 in photosynthesis

A

ATP and NADPH

42
Q

Where does the oxygen go

A

It diffuses out the leaf

43
Q

Where does the second stage of photosynthesis take place

A

In the stroma

44
Q

What is the second stage of photosynthesis calleds

A

Calvin cycle - carbon fixation

45
Q

Explain step 2 of the Calvin cycle

A

The carbon dioxide from the atmosphere enters the cycle by attaching to RuBP. This is a chemical controlled reaction by the enzyme RuBisCo and forms 3 - phosphoglycerate.

46
Q

What is the enzyme that helps combine the C02 and RuBP

47
Q

What does the enzyme RuBisCo form

48
Q

What is step 2 in the Calvin cycle

A

The 3PG produced is phosphorylated by ATP and combined with the Hydrogen from NADPH to form G3P. both the Hydrogen and the ATP are generated during the light dependent stage.

49
Q

What happens to 3PG after it has been formed

A

It is phosphatorylated

50
Q

What is 3PG phosphorylation by

51
Q

What is the product after the ATP phosphorylates 3PG and combines with NADPH

52
Q

What happens to the G3P

A

Either used for the synthesis of glucose
Or regeneration of RuBP.

53
Q

What is RuBP

A

The carbon dioxide acceptor

54
Q

What must be present to allow the RuBP to be regenerated

55
Q

What are the 4 ways glucose used for

A

• Converted into starch
• Converted to cellulose
• Used in respiration to generate energy
• some may be passed to other biosynthetic pathways that contribute to the production of a variety of further metabolites such as : DNA, protien and fat.

56
Q

Why is the second stage of photosynthesis is called carbon fixation

A

The carbon is fixed from free CO2 to make a useful form

57
Q

What is stage 2 controlled by

59
Q

Plant and animal breeding by manipulation

A

For improved plant crops, improved animal stock to support sustainable food production

60
Q

What are desirable characteristics for plants

A

Higher yield
High nutritional value
Pest resistance
Disease resistance
Wider environment range
Time of flowering

61
Q

Desirable characteristics for animal

A

High yield
Body composition
Number of offspring
Environmental tolerance
Size of animal

63
Q

What are plant field trials

A

Are uses to compare the performance of different cultivars or GM crops

64
Q

What is the aim of plant breeding

A

It is to produce cultivars that will have a good yield in the growth conditions typical for that crop

65
Q

What can effect the result of the plant field trails

A

Generic and environmental factors

66
Q

What does valid mean

A

Correct measurements have been drawn to allow a conclusion to be taken control of variable

67
Q

Whay does accurate mean

A

The precision of the measurement taken.
Eg. Using a balance accurate to 2 decimals places instead of to just 2 decimals place

68
Q

What does reliable mean

A

How much you can trust - generally linked to replication get an average

69
Q

How are plant field trials carried out

A

In a range of environment to compare the performance of different cultivars, treatments and to evaluate GM crops

70
Q

What are the 3 things to take into consideration foe the plant feild trails

A

Selection of treatments
Number of replicates
Randomisation of treatments

71
Q

What does of selection of treatments

A

For each sample only one variable should be altered to make the comparison fair

72
Q

Number of replicates

A

To take into account the variability within a sample

73
Q

Randomisation

A

Eliminates any bias when measuring the treatments effects

74
Q

What does outbreeding mean

A

Individuals breeding within normal the whole gene pool no selection normal cross - pollination plant and animal breeding

75
Q

Inbreeding means

A

Selected plant or animal are bred for several generations this is cased by the elimination of heterozygous

76
Q

Heterozygote meaning

A

2 different alleles for a particular gene

77
Q

If their is a undesired allele is recessive how can the heterozygous individuals can be found using

A

Test Cross or backcross

78
Q

What does alleles mean

A

Different forms of a gene that produce different phenotype

80
Q

Dominant meaning

A

A alleles that always produces a certain phenotype in an organisms

81
Q

Gene

A

A sequence of DNA on a chromosome that contains coded intrustions for making a specific protein

82
Q

Genotype

A

A individuals alleles for a specific characteristics

83
Q

Heterozygous

HIGHER BIOLOGY (10 decks)

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