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HIGHER BIOLOGY > Unit 3 KA1 Food Supply, Plant Growth, And Productivity And 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 KA1 Food Supply, Plant Growth, And Productivity And 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is food security?

A

It is the ability of a population yo access food in sufficient quality and quantity to maintain a healthy population

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2
Q

Why is food security an increasing problem in thr human population?

A

Increase in human population without a change in land available

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3
Q

What is meant by sustainable food production?

A

Good is produced and can continue to he produced without damaging the system required

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4
Q

Name the issues that decrease food production

A

Pests
Competition
Diseases

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5
Q

Name the issues that increase food production

A

Breeding higher yield cultivars
Soil nutrients
Soil profile

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6
Q

Explain pests’ effect on food production

A

Decrease yield either by feeding om crops or by making the plant less healthy

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7
Q

Explain competition on food production

A

Weeds or too dense planting will slow down plant growth

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8
Q

Explain the effect of diseases on food production

A

Decrease yield as the plant is less healthy.
May also produce good that is unsuitable for eating

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9
Q

Explain breeding higher yield cultivars on food production

A

Will increase yield, but some require more intensive farming methods and are more dependent on particular soil profiles and nutrients.

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10
Q

What Is a cultivars

A

Are a plant or group of plants selected for particular characteristics

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11
Q

Explain soil nutrient effects on food production

A

Plants require specific nutrients profiles. Some may need to be added using fertilisers. Can also use crop rotation.

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12
Q

How is energy lost

A

By movement, heat and undigested food and waste

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13
Q

What does livestock produce less off

A

Livestock produces less food per unit area than plant crops

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14
Q

How much energy is past on at each feeding level

A

10%

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15
Q

How does energy less explain why livestock produces less food per unit area than plant crops

A

Each step in a food chain brings a loss of fixed energy/ mass so a kg of meats needs much more engery then 1 kg of wheat to be produced.

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16
Q

Explain why engery is lost from thr good chain as waste, but not from the food Web

A

Decomposes and other organisms can still feed on the waste so the engery I’d still available.

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17
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide and water goes to glucose and oxygen with the use of chlorophyll and light.

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18
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes when light hits a leaf

A

Absorbed and used for photosynthesis
Reflected
Transmitted

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19
Q

Name all the parts of a chloroplast

A

Stroma
Lamella
Starch grains
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Granum

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20
Q

What is the granum

A

Where the photosynthic pigments are.

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21
Q

What does absorption mean

A

Take something in

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22
Q

Order colour for absorption spectra

A

Violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, organe, red

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23
Q

Why are chloroplast green

A

They absorb every other colour of wavelength expect green which is reflected

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24
Q

Name the different types of pigments

A

Chlorophyll A
Chlorophyll B
Carotenoids - accessory pigments

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25
What does chlorophyll a absorb
They absorb very strongly in the blue/Violet wavelength and in the red wavelengths
26
Why is it useful to the plant to have several different pigments
They can absorb more of different wavelength of light to maximise photosynthesis
27
What does absorption spectrum show
How much light is absorbed at each wavelength by a pigment
28
What does Chlorophyll b absorb
absorbs strongly in the blue and also in the red wavelengths
29
What does carotenoids absorb
They strongly absorb blue and green light at wavelengths where chlorophyll a and b are poor at absorbing. So carotenoids extend the rane of wanelghtd thag plants xan absorb
30
What does carotenoids do
They extend the range of wavelengths that plants can absorb
31
What does action spectra show
They show the wavelengths of light that produce the most active photosynthesis
32
Explain the shape of the action spectra compared with the absorption spectra fr above
The action spectrum is made of all the absorption spectra added together. It shows the rate of photo from each wavelength of light (all the different pigments working together)
33
What is stage 1 of photosynthesis called
Photolysis
34
Step 1 of photosynthesis synthesis in stage 1
Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll creating high engery electrons
35
What is step 2 in photosynthesis in stage 1
Electrosn passed along the transport chain pumping Hplus ions into the grana
36
What is step 3 of photosynthesis during stage 1
Engery is also used to split water Water-> oxygen and hydrogen
37
What is Step 4 of photosynthesis in stage 1
Hydrogen picked by NADP to make NADPH for carbon fixation.
38
What is step 5 in photosynthesis in stage 1
Hydrogen ions used by ATP synthase to make ATP for carbon fixation
39
What is carried over from stage 1 to 3 in photosynthesis
ATP and NADPH
40
Where does the oxygen go
It diffuses out the leaf
41
Where does the second stage of photosynthesis take place
In the stroma
42
What is the second stage of photosynthesis calleds
Calvin cycle - carbon fixation
43
Explain step 1 of the Calvin cycle
The carbon dioxide from the atmosphere enters the cycle by attaching to RuBP. This is a chemical controlled reaction by the enzyme RuBisCo and forms 3 - phosphoglycerate.
44
What is the enzyme that helps combine the C02 and RuBP
RubisCo
45
What does the enzyme RuBisCo form
3PG
46
What is step 2 in the Calvin cycle
The 3PG produced is phosphorylated by ATP and combined with the Hydrogen from NADPH to form G3P. both the Hydrogen and the ATP are generated during the light dependent stage.
47
What happens to 3PG after it has been formed
It is phosphatorylated
48
What is 3PG phosphorylation by
ATP
49
What is the product after the ATP phosphorylates 3PG and combines with NADPH
G3P
50
What happens to the G3P
Either used for the synthesis of glucose Or regeneration of RuBP.
51
What is RuBP
The carbon dioxide acceptor
52
What must be present to allow the RuBP to be regenerated
ATP
53
What are the 4 ways glucose used for
• Converted into starch • Converted to cellulose • Used in respiration to generate energy • some may be passed to other biosynthetic pathways that contribute to the production of a variety of further metabolites such as : DNA, protien and fat.
54
Why is the second stage of photosynthesis is called carbon fixation
The carbon is fixed from free CO2 to make a useful form
55
What is stage 2 controlled by
Enzymes
56
57
Plant and animal breeding by manipulation
For improved plant crops, improved animal stock to support sustainable food production
58
What are desirable characteristics for plants
Higher yield High nutritional value Pest resistance Disease resistance Wider environment range Time of flowering
59
Desirable characteristics for animal
High yield Body composition Number of offspring Environmental tolerance Size of animal
60
61
What are plant field trials
Are uses to compare the performance of different cultivars or GM crops
62
What is the aim of plant breeding
It is to produce cultivars that will have a good yield in the growth conditions typical for that crop
63
What can effect the result of the plant field trails
Generic and environmental factors
64
What does valid mean
Correct measurements have been drawn to allow a conclusion to be taken control of variable
65
Whay does accurate mean
The precision of the measurement taken. Eg. Using a balance accurate to 2 decimals places instead of to just 2 decimals place
66
What does reliable mean
How much you can trust - generally linked to replication get an average
67
How are plant field trials carried out
In a range of environment to compare the performance of different cultivars, treatments and to evaluate GM crops
68
What are the 3 things to take into consideration foe the plant feild trails
Selection of treatments Number of replicates Randomisation of treatments
69
What does of selection of treatments
For each sample only one variable should be altered to make the comparison fair
70
Number of replicates
To take into account the variability within a sample
71
Randomisation
Eliminates any bias when measuring the treatments effects
72
What does outbreeding mean
Individuals breeding within normal the whole gene pool no selection normal cross - pollination plant and animal breeding
73
Inbreeding means
Selected plant or animal are bred for several generations this is cased by the elimination of heterozygous
74
Heterozygote meaning
2 different alleles for a particular gene
75
If their is a undesired allele is recessive how can the heterozygous individuals can be found using
Test Cross or backcross
76
What does alleles mean
Different forms of a gene that produce different phenotype
77
78
Dominant meaning
A alleles that always produces a certain phenotype in an organisms
79
Gene
A sequence of DNA on a chromosome that contains coded intrustions for making a specific protein
80
Genotype
A individuals alleles for a specific characteristics
81
Heterozygous
Individual who has inherited two different alleles of the same gene from their parents
82
Homozygous
An individual who has inherited the same allele for a gene from their parents
83
Phenotype
The outward appearance resulting from an individual genotype for a particular characteristic
84
Recessive
An allele whose effect on the phenotype can be masked by a dominant allele of the same gene
85
If the recessive phenotype is evident in the F1 generation then
The parent with the dominant phenotype must have been heterozygous
86
How does a backcross work
By using a homozygous recessive and cross it with a possible genotype fir the dominant phenotype
87
Give an explanation for the backcross
If the recessive phenotype is evident in the F1 generation, the parent with the dominant phenotype must have been heterozygous
88
89
What is the inbreeding depression
It occurs due to the build up of recessive homozygous deleterious alleles
90
How can inbreeding depression be avoided by self pollinating plants
Deleterious alleles are eliminated by natural selection
91
How can inbreeding depression be avoided by outbreeding species
Desired characteristics selected but otherwise maintains a genetically diverse population
92
93
What is the advantage of crossbreeding of selective breeding and testcrossing in F2
Can produce a group of individuals that can sustain the population
94
What is the disadvantage of crossbreeding of selective breeding and testcrossing in F2
Takes alot of time
95
What is the advantage of crossbreeding of maintaining the two parent breeds
Can produce more of the F1 at any time
96
97
What is the disadvantage of crossbreeding of maintaining the two parent breeds
Both parents must be maintained
98
99
What is the F1 generation
The offspring are known as the F1 hybrid and receive half their genetic information from each parent Contains characteristics of each breed
100
F2 generation
If F1 breed they will contain a wide variety of genotype with many of the offspring lacking the enhanced characteristics
101
What is meant by hybrid vigour
The first generation has characteristic of both parents and often this means they are more vigorous and have a high yield
102
Why is the F2 generation not as useful as the F1
The F1 will be a uniform group of heterozygous breeding to the F2 will produce a wide genetic variation so less co trolled production
103
What does genome sequencing involve
Discovering the sequence of bases within an organisation's DNA.
104
How can desirable characteristics be genetically modified
Single genes for desirable characteristics can be inserted into the genome of crop plants so that they have the improved characteristics
105
Name 3 uses of genetic engineering for breeding programmes
Protection from threats such as low temperature, insects or viruses Increasing nutritional value or yield Reducing the use of herbicides
106
An example of protection against threats such a low temperature insects or viruses
BT cotton contains a gene from naturally occurring spillage bacteria which kills insects. This gives the cotton insects resistance andeans less pesticide needs to be used
107
Give an exmaple for increasing nutritional value ot yield
Golden rice contains two genes for beta-carotene. When eaten it is changes to Vit A whixh it helpful to countries that lack that In their diet
108
Give an example of reducing the use of herbicides
Soya beans have been transformed to contain the gene for gluphpsate (herbicide) resistance. This allows farmers to control weeds more efficiently
109
110
Following photolysis, hydrogen is transferred to the coemzyme NADP. State the source of this hydrogen
Water
111
Describe the role of the NADPH in the Calvin cycle
To pass hydrogen to 3PG
112

HIGHER BIOLOGY (12 decks)

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