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HIGHER BIOLOGY > Unit 1 Key Area 1-3 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Key Area 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA is composed of

A

Two chain of nucleotide

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2
Q

Base pairing rule

A

Adenine pairs with thymine
Guanine pairs with cytosine

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3
Q

Definition of a nucleotides

A

They are comprised of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and a base

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4
Q

What the name of the bond between the deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

A

Sugar- phosphate bond

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5
Q

What are the bonds between the bases called

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

Two classification of cells

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Where are mitochondria and chloroplast DNA inherited from

A

From the mother

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8
Q

Are mitochondria dna circular or linear

A

Circular

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9
Q

DNA is inside of what

A

Chromosomes

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10
Q

Two types of strands

A

Lagging and leading

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11
Q

DNA replication is

A

Semi-conserivate

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12
Q

What does semi-conserivate mean

A

It has one old parental strand and one new one

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13
Q

Where do polymerase add nucleotides

A

At the 3’end

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14
Q

In the leading strand

A

Dna polymerase adds complementary DNA nucleotides to thr lead strand continuously

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15
Q

Stages of the leading strand

A
  1. The weak hydrogen bonds break and the DNA unzips
  2. A DNA primer binds to the end of the 3’ to allow polymerase to add the DNA nucleotide
  3. Individual nucleotides aline wirh there complementary base. They become joined 3’ end of the primer.
    Polymerase brings about thr formation of the sugar-phosphate bind between the primer and nucleotide.
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16
Q

How does lagging strand work

A

DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to lagging strand in fragments

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17
Q

What sort of process is lagging strand

A

Discontinuous

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18
Q

What does ligase do

A

Seals the fragments together in the lagging strand

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19
Q

Where do primers bind yo leading strand

A

At the bottom in one place
At the 3’ end

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20
Q

Where do primer add to at the lagging strand

A

They bind at many places

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21
Q

DNA replication requirement

A

DNA
primer
Nucleotides and bases
DNA polymerase and ligase enzymes
A supply of atp

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22
Q

What does PCR allow

A

A specific section of DNA to be amplified in vitro

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23
Q

Steps of PCR

A

Step one. DNA is heated to 95°c this causes DNA to denatured and the strands separate

  1. DNA is cooled to 55°c for a few seconds. This allows primers to to bond to the separated DNA strands
  2. DNA is heated up to 75°c this allows heat-tolerrant DNA polymerase to replicate the dna be adding nucleotides to the 3’ of thr original DNA
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24
Q

How many times is PRC repeated

A

20-30 cycles

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25
Q

What is amplification

A

Doubling DNA

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26
Q

Uses of PCR

A

Forensic science
Disease detection

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27
Q

Requirements for PCR

A

Sequence specific primer
Supply of nucleotides
DNA sample
DNA polymerase
Thermocycler

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28
Q

What our 3 differences between DNA and RNA

A

RNA is single strand and DNA is double stranded

RNA ribose sugar and deoxyribose is DNA

Uracil is RNA and DNA is thymine

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29
Q

Three types of rna

A

Messager RNA mRNA
transfer RNA tRNA
Ribosomal RNA rRNA

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30
Q

MRNA

A

Mrna is formed jn the nucleus from free nucleotides and carries a copy of thr dna code from the nucleus to the Ribosome where proteins are made

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31
Q

Trna

A

Molecules collect amino acids and bring them to the Ribosome to build proteins into a 3d structure held together hu hydrogen bonds

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32
Q

RRNA

A

Molecules combined with proteins to create the ribosomes. The organelle responsible for assembling proteins following DNA code

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33
Q

Are the two strands of dna parallel or anti parallel

A

Antiparallel

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34
Q

Are the two strands of dna parallel or anti parallel

A

Antiparallel

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35
Q

What does antiparaelle mean

A

Each strand runs in the opposite direction of thr complementary

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36
Q

What type of backbone do they have

A

A sugar phosphate backbone

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37
Q

What type of backbone do they have

A

A sugar phosphate backbone

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38
Q

What’s the bond between phosphate and deoxyribose sugar

A

Sugar phosphate bond

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39
Q

What is at the 5’ end

A

Phosphate

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40
Q

What is at the 3’ end

A

Deoxyribose sugar

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41
Q

What time of chromosomes are in eukaryotes

A

Linear chromosomes

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42
Q

Type of eukaryotes

A

Plants, animals and fungal

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43
Q

One structural difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Eukarytoes are a nucleus

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44
Q

In what places in rhe cell so eukarytoes have circular chromosomes

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

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45
Q

Where is dna found in the prokartoes

A

Cytoplasm and plasmid

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46
Q

What type of chromosomes do prokarytoes have

A

Circular

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47
Q

Yeast cells

A

Have circular chromosomes in the plasmid and cytoplasm

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48
Q

How is the DNA stored

A

They are tightly coiled and packaged around histone proteins

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49
Q

Step 1 in DNA Replication

A

The DNA parental strand composed of two complementary strands unwind

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50
Q

Step 2 in DNA replication

A

The weak- temporarily hydrogen bind between bond break

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51
Q

Step 3 in DNA replication

A

Two new template strands form exposing bases. The DNA strands separate

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52
Q

Step 4 DNA replication

A

Primers attach to the 3’ end and free nucleotides bind wirh their base pair by new weak tempary hydrogen bonds

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53
Q

Step 5 in DNA replication

A

The nucleotides are added by the enzyme DNA polymerase which forms the sugar-phosphate bonds making the sugar backbone

54
Q

Step 6 in DNA replication

A

Two new identical stands have formed and DNA rewinds

55
Q

5 things required for DNA replication

A

DNA template
Free DNA nucleotides
Chemical emgery in the form of ATP
Primers
Enzymes

56
Q

When duration does the DNA polymerase go from

A

3’ to the 5’

57
Q

Is the leading strand continous or discontinuous

A

Continous

58
Q

What’s the role of DNA ligase

A

Is to join DNA fragments together on the lagging strand

59
Q

Is the lagging strand continous or discontinuous

A

Discontinuous

60
Q

State 2 roles of DNA primers during replication

A

Allow a start point for replication
Each primer targets on a different strand

61
Q

State the role of DNA polymerase

A

Binds complementary nucleotides to the DNA at the 3’ end of the DNA strand

62
Q

State why the antiparallel nature rreudltd in one strand beung in short fragments

A

Nucleotides can only be added to the 3’ end

63
Q

Explain why cells need to carry out DNA replication

A

So that the exact copy of the genetic material is passed to the new daughter cells

64
Q

Explain why the DNA polymerase used can function at 70°c

A

Come from a bacteria adapted to live in hot springs

65
Q

Whixh form of cell does not have q membrane bound organelles

A

Prokaryptes

66
Q

Which form of cell does have membrane bound organelles

A

Eularytoes

67
Q

Step 1 of PCR

A

The dna strand is heated to 92-98°c this breaks the weak hydrogen bonds between the bases and separate rhe DNA strand

68
Q

Step 2 of PCR

A

The sample is cooled to 50-56c. This allows the short primers to bind to the separate strands

69
Q

Step 3 of PCR

A

sample is heated to 70-80c
This allows the heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicatate by adding the nucleotides to the 3’ end of the original strand.

70
Q

Step 4 of PCR

A

The end of the process and it is then repeated

71
Q

Where is PCR carried out

A

Thermicycler

72
Q

What is PCR

A

This is a technique used to create many copies of fragments of DNA in a vitro laboratory setting.

73
Q

What is PCR

A

This is a technique used to create many copies of fragments of DNA in a vitro laboratory setting.

74
Q

Uses of PCR

A

Forensics
Paternity
Disagonided

75
Q

What happens to the number if copies

A

To doubles every time

76
Q

What happens to the number if copies

A

To doubles every time

77
Q

What is gel electrophoresis

A

A process used to separate DNA fragments. Using agarose gel.

78
Q

What is gel electrophoresis

A

A process used to separate DNA fragments. Using agarose gel.

79
Q

PCR requirements

A

DNA template
Primer
Supply of nucleotides
Ph buffer
Heat tolerant DNA polymerase
Thermal cycler machines

80
Q

PCR requirements

A

DNA template
Primer
Supply of nucleotides
Ph buffer
Heat tolerant DNA polymerase
Thermal cycler machines

81
Q

What is RNA

A

It is a single stranded genetic molecule made up of repeating RNA nucleotides

82
Q

What type of sugar does RNA have

A

Ribose sugar

83
Q

What are the bases got RNA

A

Adenine, guanine cytosine and uracil

84
Q

Difference in DNA AND RNA

A

Dna is double rna is single
Dna us deoxyribose and rna is Ribosse
Dna is thymine and rna us urcel

85
Q

Difference in DNA AND RNA

A

Dna is double rna is single
Dna us deoxyribose and rna is Ribosse
Dna is thymine and rna us urcel

86
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mrna
TRNA
rRNA

87
Q

Mrna

A

Carries a copy of DNA of dna code from the nucleus to the Ribosome

88
Q

That us tENA

A

Carries a spficic amino acids to the Mrna at the Ribosome

89
Q

rRNA

A

Along with proteins from the Ribosome

90
Q

What is a phenotype

A

The apparence of an organism

91
Q

What is a gene

A

The appearance that codes for a protien

92
Q

What’s allele

A

Different forms of the same gene

93
Q

What’s a genotype

A

The particular allele of genetic material

94
Q

What is transcription

A

It copies the parental DNA strand into mRNA in order for ut to leave thr nucleus and travel into the Ribosome

95
Q

Stage 1 of transcription

A

DNA unwinds and unzips by the RNA polymerase and weak hydrogen bond are broken between the strands so therefore the complimentary bases are exposed

96
Q

Stage 2 of transcription

A

RNA polymerase joins Free RNA nucleotides with their complementary bases on the DNA strand

97
Q

Stage 3 in transcription

A

Temporary weak hydrogen bond form between the complementary bases
Adenine with uracil
Cytosine with guanine

98
Q

Stage 4 transcription

A

RNA polymerase links the RNA nucleotides together to form a strong sugar-phosphate backbone

99
Q

Stage 5 in transcription

A

The weak hydrogen bond between RNA and DNA break the DNA rewinds and the hydrogen binds between strands reunite. The single mRNA is called the primary mRNA transcription. This primary mRNA transcript under goes RNA splicing

100
Q

What are introns

A

Non coding regin of DNA

101
Q

What are Exons

A

Coding region for DNA

102
Q

How does RNA splicing work

A

The introns are removed from the mRNA primary transcript and then the axons are put together

103
Q

Why does thr order of the axons matters

A

Different orders code for Different proteins.

104
Q

How does the mRNA leave the nucleus

A

Through the nucleus pores

105
Q

Where does translation happen

A

It happen in the cytoplasm at the Ribosome

106
Q

Where does translation start

A

At the start codon

107
Q

Start codon code

A

AUG

108
Q

Each group of 3 codes for how many amino acids

A

1

109
Q

Step 1 of translation

A

mRNA has left the nucleus and gone to the Ribosome going through the cytoplasm. It then attaches to the Ribosome

110
Q

Set 2 in translation

A

tRNA has an anticodon and an amino acid atachment site. tRNA picks up a spefic amino acid and transport it to the mRNA strand

111
Q

Step 3 in translation

A

The codon on the mRNA binds with thr anti-codon on the tRNA using the complimentary base pairing. Starting at the start codon and ending with the stop codon

112
Q

Step 4 in translation

A

Amino acids bind together with peptide bonds to make a polypeptide

113
Q

Step 5 in translation

A

tRNA leaves the Ribosome as the polypeptide is formed to get another amino acid this continues until STOP codon is encountered.

114
Q

How can a variety of proteins be expressed from 1 gene

A

This is due to alterative RNA splicing

115
Q

What does a stop codon do

A

It halts the protein synthesis and divides the production of two different proteins

116
Q

What to proteins do after they form their polypeptide binds

A

They fold together to make a 3D structure

117
Q

What is the function of a protien determined by

A

Rhe shape it has

118
Q

What bonds does the protien have when it has irs chnage

A

Hydrogen bonds and other interactions

119
Q

What bonds does the protien have when it has irs chnage

A

Hydrogen bonds and other interactions

120
Q

Two roles of RNA polymerase

A

To ubwind the DNA and break the weak hydrogen binds between the DNA nucleotide

Join up the RNA nucleotides tides to make the primary transcript

121
Q

What type of cells to humans have

A

Eukaryotes

122
Q

What type of cell bacteria

A

Prokaryotes

123
Q

What are the importantance of an anti-codon

A

So that a specific amino acid is used

124
Q

What shape of chromosomes do eukaryotes have

A

Linear
But circular in mitochondria and chloroplast

125
Q

We’re is DNA found in prokaryotes and yeast cells

A

Plasmids and cytoplasm

126
Q

What shape of chromosomes do prokaryotes have

A

Circular

127
Q

Describe the process of alternative splicing

A

Different axons are joined together in the mature transcript

128
Q

Describe the process of alternative splicing

A

Different axons are joined together in the mature transcript

129
Q

RNA slicing

A

Exons are the coding region and introns are the non coding. The Intrond are removed and the axons are retained. Axons are spliced together to form the mature transcript

130
Q

Explains why cells need to carry out DNA replication

A

To that exact copies of genetic material is pasted in to daughter cells

131
Q

Describe one way in which a polypeptide could be modified

A

Cut and combine polypeptide

HIGHER BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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