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HIGHER BIOLOGY > Key Area 6 Mutations And Key Area 7 Evolution > Flashcards

Key Area 6 Mutations And Key Area 7 Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What Is a mutation

A

It is a random and spontaous change in the genetic material

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2
Q

What causes mutation

A

Exposure to radiation
Exposure to chemical

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3
Q

What does a mutation result it

A

A protein not bring synthesised or a protien synthesis being altered

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4
Q

Types of mutations

A

Single genes mutation
Chromosomes

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5
Q

3 types of single gene mutations

A

Deletion
Insertion
Substitution

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6
Q

What is deletion with a single gene mutation

A

When a nucleotide is removed from a DNA strand

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7
Q

What is insertion in a single gene mutation

A

When a nucleotide Is added to the DNA strand

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8
Q

What is the result of the deletion on the single gene mutation

A

The strand is shorten

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9
Q

What I’d a result of a insertion in the single gene mutation

A

The strand is longer

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10
Q

Substitution in single gene mutation

A

When a nucleotide is swapped for another on the DNA strand

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11
Q

3 types of subsitions in single gene mutation

A

Missense
Nonsense
Splice-site

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12
Q

What is a missense mutation

A

Nucleotides being swapped for another leading a change of amino acids

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13
Q

What is a nonsense mutation

A

Results in a premature stop codon bring produced

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14
Q

What is a splice - site mutation

A

Sometimes are retained and/ or exons not included the mature mRNA transcription

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15
Q

What is the result of a missense mutation

A

Little effect or non functional protein

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16
Q

What is the result of a nonsense mutation

A

A shorter protien being synthesis

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17
Q

What is the result of splice- site mutation

A

May produce a non functional protien

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18
Q

What is a single gene mutation

A

It involves a chnage to one of the base pairs in the DNA sequence

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19
Q

What causes the frame shift mutation

A

Deletion and insertion

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20
Q

What is a chromosome structure mutation

A

They involve a change in the structure of one or more chromosomes

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21
Q

Types of chromosomes mutation

A

Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Duplication

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22
Q

What is deletion for chromosomes mutation

A

This is when a section of chromosome is removed

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23
Q

What is inversion in chromosomes mutation

A

When a section of chromosomes is reversed

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24
Q

What is translocation in chromosomes

A

When a section of one chromosomes is added to another chromosomes that is not it’s homologus partner

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25
Q

What is duplication

A

Which a section of a chromosome is added from it’d homologus partner

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26
Q

Whata the result of chromosomes of deletion

A

Loss in genes

27
Q

Result in Inversion for chromosomes

A

The formation of non - viable gametes

28
Q

Whats the result of duplication

A

Set of genes being reapted. This can be potential beneficial is that duplication will bring an advantage

29
Q

What is evolution

A

It is the gradual change in organisms over generations

30
Q

What is evolution a result of

A

A genome variation

31
Q

Why does evolution occur

A

To allow species to best adapt to their environment.

32
Q

What is natural selection

A

It is the non random increase in the frequency of DNA sequence that increases survival and the non random decrease in the frequency of delirious.

33
Q

3 types of natural selection

A

Stabilising
Directional
Disruptive

34
Q

What happens in natural selection

A

Favorable characteristics are passed down the generations.

35
Q

What can effect natural selection

A

Selection pressures

36
Q

What are 4 selections pressures

A

Increases in competition
Changes to the environment
New diseases
New predators

37
Q

What is the process of natural selection

A

Breeding population produce more off spring than the environment can support
Variations and adaptation can occur
Selection pressure kills of individuals
The strongest that are best suited to that particular niche survive
The organisms successfully breed passing on the favorable characteristics.

38
Q

What happens during Stabilising

A

Both extremes are removed
Happens when the average phenotype is favorable and the extremes of the phenotype are suited against

39
Q

What happened during directional selection

A

One of the extremes I’d favoured

40
Q

3 types of selection

A

Stabilising
Directional
Disruptive

41
Q

What happens during Disruptive selection

A

Both extremes are favoured

42
Q

Two types of gene transfer

A

Horizontal gene transfer
Vertical gene transfer

43
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer

A

This is when gene are passed between different individual of the same generation.

44
Q

What cell type for horizontal gene transfer

A

Prokaryotes

45
Q

Why does prokaryotes mutation happen faster

A

They transfer horizontal so that they can evolve faster

46
Q

What is vertical gene transfer

A

It is when genes are passed from generation to generation through either sexual or asexual reproduction

47
Q

Is vertical gene transfer a fast or slow process

A

Slow

48
Q

Sexual vertical gene transfer

A

Since they have two parents it results in genetic variation

49
Q

Asexual vertical gene transfer

A

They are genetically identical

50
Q

What is speciation

A

A species is a group if organisms that have the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

51
Q

If two differences species interbreed what will happen to their offspring

A

It will be infertile

52
Q

What does the process if speciation involve

A

Isolation
Mutation
Natural selection

53
Q

Stage 1 of speciation

A

An isolation is caused by a type of barrier
Geographical
Ecological
Behavioural

54
Q

Stage 2 of speciation

A

Once a barrier has formed occur within the two different groups

55
Q

Stage 3 of speciation

A

Organisms are exposed to selection pressures and those with the advantageous mutations eith survive
This results in a new group of organisms classed as a new species

56
Q

Stage 4

A

Following natural selection the new group will feature those organisms with stringer genes
If the barrier is removed and the two siblings population meet. They will no longer be able to interbreed and produce fertile off spring thus I’d because thru are a new species

57
Q

What are the two types of speciation in relation to barrier involved

A

Allopatric
Sympatic

58
Q

Sympatic speciation

A

Ecological
Behavioural

59
Q

Allopatric

A

Geographical

60
Q

Stages of allopatric speciation

A

Population split
Population isolated
Gene mutation
Selective pressure
Variation
Speciation occurred
Barrier removed

61
Q

What happens with sympatric speciation

A

Isolation that happens in the same ares without operation. The speed of new species produced is faster

62
Q

Why is it important to have barriers

A

To prevent the flow of genes between different sub populations from happening. It is important to allow evolution to take place to allow for adaptation

63
Q

What is species

A

They can interbreed to produce fertile off spring

64
Q

What are the regions that closely related species occur together and can sometimes interbreed

A

Hybrid zone

HIGHER BIOLOGY (8 decks)

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