Unit 3 Flashcards
What are the four types Thorax borders?
Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior
What makes up the Superior Thorax border?
Thoracic inlet or superior thoracic aperture
Inferior border of thorax is formed by?
wide opening formed by T12 vertebra, 12 th pair ribs & costal arch
Anterior border of Thorax?
sternum, ribs, and costal cartilages.
Posterior border of Thorax
thoracic vertebrae and ribs.
What are the three major spaces of the thorax?
Mediastinum- heart cavity
Two Pleural/pulmonary cavities (RT and LT)
Where do true, false, floating ribs conect?
True- attach to the sternum through costal cartilage
False- attach to the cartilage, costal cartilage that merges into rib 7
Floating ribs: no anterior attachment.
What separates the two facets of a rib?
Crest of head
Attributes of Rib neck
narrowing after the head, contains the tubercle, with a facet that articulates to the transverse process of the vertebra
Any muscle with attachment to the ribs has potential to _____
Assist in respiration
Three types of Intercostals and their features
External-oblique with inferior edge medial
Internal- oblique with inferior edge lateral
Innermost-superior/inferior
Two types of pericardium of the heart ?
Visceral pericardium: upon the organ
Parietal pericardium: outside the heart
How/where is fibrous pericardium attached?
Anatomical directions
superiorly to the large vessels exiting the heart
Inferiorly to the diaphragm
What does the Mucosa of the trachea do ?
catches and removes particles along with cilia
What does the trachealis muscle do?
connects trachea and esophagus, changes shape of Hyaline Cartilage/trachea, active when coughing.
What does the pleural cavity do?
creates “surface tension” to keep lung connected
What are the two pleura of the lung
Parietal Pleura: wall of rib
Visceral Pleura: covers the lung
Why does the Left Lung have one less lobe?
Due to the heart displacement there is only left superior and inferior lobes.
What are the fissures of the Right and Left Lung?
Right Lung: horizontal fissure and oblique fissure
Left Lung: oblique fissure
Where does the primary bronchi enter from ?
Hilum of lung
What does blood transport?
oxygen, CO2, nutrients, waste and hormones.
What does the blood regulate?
blood regulates the body temperature by carrying heat. blood also helps regulate the pH of the body and regulates fluid balance throughout the body.
What does the pericardium do ?
the heart is contained within the pericardium. It restricts heart’s movement within thorax. Prevents overflow.
What is the auricle of the atrium?
each atrium has an anterior flap-like extension called an auricle that expands their volume
What does the coronary sulcus separate?
separates the atria from the ventricles
what does the interventricular sulci separate?
the ventricles from each other (posterior and anterior)
Where does the coronary sinus deposit into
RT atrium
What 3 vessels empty into the right atria?
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
What is the fossa ovalis and where is it located?
the fossa ovalis was a hole from the fetal period that closed. it closes to stop deoxygenated blood from going through systemic circulation.
it is located on the intratrial septum- which is the thin wall between the atria.
Why does the left ventricular wall have a greater thickness?
it has to send blood to the entire body.
What is the progression of blood vessels away from the heart? (4)
Types of arteries
Elastic Arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles/ capillaries
What is the precapillary sphincter? When does it open and close?
ring of muscle that controls blood flow from terminal arteriole.
sphincter opens when the tissue is low in O2; closes when sufficient O2 cycle= 5-10 openings/minute
What two adaptations do the veins have and why do they need it?
adaptations- Valves: prevent backflow down the vein.
Muscle Pumps: Blood pressure in veins is too low to overcome gravity (blood can’t move UP in veins without help)
What do the carotid and subclavian arteries do?
carotid artery: bring blood up to the brain and face
Subclavian: pass under the clavicle and bring blood toward the arm.
What do the external jugular vein and internal jugular vein do?
external: drains the face and muscles
Internal: blood from the brain descends into it
Independently, they join the subclavian vein which joins the superior vena cava.
Which vein is often used for blood samples?
Median cubital vein
What do the Visceral and parietal branches of the thoracic aorta serve?
Visceral- thoracic organs
Parietal branches- body wall
What do the Superior and Inferior mesenteric artery serve?
Superior- its branches serve the small intestine and part of the large intestine
Inferior- serves large intestine and rectum
What does the abdominal aorta split into at the L4 vertebra?
Splits into the two Iliac Arteries (for appendages)
What forms the hepatic portal vein?
capillaries of the small and large intestines drain into veins that merge together to form the hepatic portal vein
What drains the liver?
Inferior Vena Cava
Abdominal aorta splits into ___ which splits into ___ and ___. What does each split serve?
Abdominal Aorta split into Common Iliac Arteries.
Common Iliac then splits into Internal and External Iliac.
Internal Iliac serves the pelvic floor peritoneum and gluteal region
External iliac brings blood to the lower limb
What/when is the external iliac renamed to ?
External iliac is renamed the femoral artery as it passes along the femur through the thigh
What is the Adductor Hiatus?
A gap between the adductor muscle and the femur where the femoral artery dips posteriorly.
What/when is the femoral artery renamed?
once through the adductor hiatus, the artery is in the popliteal region and is known as the popliteal artery
Where does the Posterior and Anterior Tibial Artery pass/ split into
Anterior Tibial Artery pass through the interosseus membrane, runs along the interior surface of the tibia and becomes two dorsal arteries of the foot.
Posterior Tibial Artery continues along the posterior side of the tibia it gives rise to a branch, the fibular artery
What do axillary sheath and fat do ?
Axillary sheath surrounds axillary artery and brachial plexus
Axillary fat cushions and protects all structures
Where does lymph first pass through and for what reason?
first passes through lymph nodes for immune surveillance
What three joint must move for full shoulder movement?
Sternoclavicular Joint
Acromioclavicular joint
glenohumoral joint
Parts of Sternoclavicular Joint
Clavicle (sternal end)
Manubrium of the sternum
First costal cartilage
Articular disc
Parts of acromioclavicular Joint
Clavicle (acromial end) and Scapula
Parts of Glenohumeral Joint
Humerus, Scapula, Glenoid Labrum
Where does the head of the humerus fit into
The glenoid fossa of the scapula
What is Bursae?
Synovial fluid-filled sacs that prevent friction in glenohumeral joint
How is the glenohumoral joint instable?
the glenoid cavity holds less than 1/3 of the humoral head, with the glenoid labrum increasing the concavity by 50%.
The more mobile a joint is, the more unstable it is.
How is the inferior aspect of the GH joint stabilized?
stabilized by passive ligamentous structures.
What are the three GH ligaments?
Superior, Middle, Inferior GH ligament complex
How are the GH ligaments situated during Adduction, Initial Abduction, Straight Abduction, and Lateral Rotation Abduction?
Adduction: Superior: pulled tight, Middle: between, IGHLC: Lax
Abduction: Sup: lax, Mid: tight, IGHLC: middle
No rotation: sup: lax, mid: middle, IGHLC: tight
Lateral Rotation: sup: lax, middle: lax, IGHLC: tight
what are the two earliest branches of the Brachial plexus and what roots are they from?
Long thoracic nerve (C5,6,7)
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
What two muscles are innervated by the Dorsal Scapular Nerve?
Levator Scapulae and the Rhomboids
What muscle is innervated by the Long Thoracic Nerve
Serratus Anterior
What are the Trunks of the BP formed by
Superior: C5 C6
Middle: C7
Inferior C8 T1
The trunks pass _____ to the clavicle
trunks pass posterior to the clavicle and then split.
The lateral cord is formed from the ___ divisions of the ____ and ____ trunks
anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks
The medial cord is formed by the ____ division of the ___ trunk
anterior division of the inferior trunk
The posterior cord is formed by the ____ divisions of the _____, ____, and ____ trunks
posterior divisions of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks
What are the three nerves the lateral cord gives rise to ?
Lateral pectoral nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Median nerve
What five nerves does the medial cord give rise to ?
medial pectoral nerve
medial brachial cutaneous nerve
antebrachial cutaneous nerve
ulnar nerve
median nerve (all)
What five nerves does the posterior cord give rise to
axillary nerve
radial nerve
upper subscapular nerve
thoracodorsal nerve
lower subscapular nerve
What is innervated by the radial nerve?
triceps and all muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm
What is innervated by the ulnar nerve?
flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus
What is innervated by the median nerve?
Anterior forearm muscles
How is the axillary nerve positioned and what does it innervate?
the axillary nerve arises from the bp and Winds Around Humerus. It innervates the glenohumeral joint, deltoid, teres minor
What is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve ?
coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis
what is the pivot point of the scapula
acromioclavicular joint
What is Protraction of the Scapula?
Separation between the scapulas
OIAN of Pectoralis Major
O: - Clavicular head – Medial clavicle
- Sternal head – Sternum and costal cartilages of superior ribs
I: Lateral bicipital (intertubercular) groove of humerus
A:- Adduction of shoulder
- Horizontal adduction of shoulder
- Internal rotation of shoulder
Clavicular head:
- Flexion of shoulder
Sternal head:
- Extension of shoulder to neutral
N: Clavicular head – Lateral and medial pectoral nerves
- Sternal head – Medial pectoral nerve
OIAN of Pectoralis Minor
Origin: - Anterior surface of ribs 3-5
Insertion: - Coracoid process of scapula
Action:
- Protraction of scapula
- Depression of scapula
- Downward rotation of scapula
Nerve Supply: - Medial pectoral nerve
OIAN of Serratus Anterior
Origin: - Lateral surface of superior ribs
Insertion: - Medial (vertebral) border of scapula
Action: - Protraction of scapula, Upward rotation of scapula, Holds scapula to
thoracic wall
Nerve Supply: - Long thoracic nerve
OIAN of Subclavius
Origin: - Costal cartilage of rib 1
Insertion: - Inferior border of clavicle
Action: - Stabilizes clavicle
Nerve Supply: - Nerve to subclavius
What are the roots of the Musculocutaneous nerve?
C5, C6, C7
Roots of the Median Nerve.
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Roots of Ulnar nerve
C8, T1
What is the OIAN of the Trapezius?
Ori- occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T12
Inser- lateral clavicle, spine of scapula, root of spine of scapula
Action- elevation of scapula, upward rotation of scapula, retraction of scapula, depression of scapula, upward rotation of scpaula
Nerve: spinal accessory nerve
What is OIAN of the Rhomboid Minor?
Ori- Spinous processes of C7-T1
Insertion- Root of spine of scapula
Action- retraction of scapula, downward rotation of scapula
Nerve- Doral scapular nerve
What is the OIAN of Rhomboid Major?
O- Spinous processes of T2-T5
I- Vertebral border of scapula inferior to root of spine
A- retraction of scapula, downward rotation of scapula
N- dorsal scapular nerve
What is the OIAN of Levator Scapulae?
O- transverse processes of C1-C4
I- vertebral border of scapula superior to root of spine
A- elevation of scapula, downward rotation of scapula
N- dorsal scapular nerve
OIAN of Biceps Brachii
Origin:
- Short head – Coracoid process
- Long head – Supraglenoid tubercle
Insertion:
- Tendon – Radial tuberosity
- Bicipital aponeurosis – Antebrachial fascia (medial side)
Action:
Both heads:
- Supination of forearm
- Flexion of elbow
Short head:
- Also: Flexion of shoulder
Nerve Supply: - Musculocutaneous nerve
OIAN of Coracobrachialis
Origin: - Coracoid Process
Insertion: - Middle of medial humerus
Action:
- Flexion of shoulder
- Adduction of shoulder
Nerve Supply: - Musculocutaneous nerve
OIAN of brachialis
Origin: - Distal anterior humerus
Insertion:
- Ulnar tuberosity
- Coronoid process
Action: - Flexion of elbow
Nerve Supply: - Musculocutaneous nerve
OIAN of Triceps Brachii
Origin:
- Long head – Infraglenoid tubercle
- Lateral head – Posterior humerus above spiral groove
- Medial head – Posterior humerus below spiral groove
Insertion: - Olecranon process
Action:
All heads:
- Extension of elbow
Long head
- Extension of shoulder
Nerve Supply: - Radial nerve
OIAN of Supraspinatus
Origin: - Supraspinous fossa
Insertion: - Superior greater tubercle
Action:
- Abduction of shoulder
- Stabilizes glenohumeral joint
Nerve Supply: - Suprascapular nerve
OIAN of Infraspinatus
O: Infraspinous Fossa
I: Middle greater tubercle
A: External rotation of shoulder; stabilize glenohumeral joint
N: Suprascapular nerve
OIAN of Teres Minor
Origin: - Superior axillary border
Insertion: - Inferior greater tubercle
Action:
- External rotation of shoulder
- Stabilizes glenohumeral joint
Nerve Supply: - Axillary nerve
OIAN of subscapularis
Origin: - Subscapular fossa
Insertion: - Lesser tubercle
Action:
- Internal rotation of shoulder
- Stabilizes glenohumeral joint
Nerve Supply:
- Upper subscapular nerve
- Lower subscapular nerve
OIAN of Deltoid
Origin:
- Anterior deltoid – Lateral clavicle
- Middle deltoid – Acromion
- Posterior deltoid – Spine of scapula
Insertion: - Deltoid tuberosity
Action:
Anterior deltoid:
- Flexion of shoulder
- Horizontal adduction of shoulder
- Internal rotation of shoulder
Middle deltoid:
- Abduction of shoulder
Posterior deltoid:
- Extension of shoulder
- Horizontal abduction of shoulder
- External rotation of shoulder
Nerve Supply: - Axillary nerve
What four muscles make up the Rotator Cuff
SITS: Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
What are the insertions of the SITS muscles
SIT: greater tubercle of humerus
S: lesser tubercle
