Unit 1 Flashcards
Define Anatomical Position
When no two bones are crossed. Standing or laying dine with palms up.
Define Prone and Supine positions
Prone: face down/laying
Supine: face up/laying
What are the three Anatomical planes and definitions.
Median/Midsaggital/saggital- divides body into right and left sides.
Frontal/Coronal: divides body into front and back
Transverse/horizontal: divides body into top & bottom.
What directions are anterior and posterior? Superior and inferior? Medial and Lateral? Proximal and Distal?
Anterior: front of body
Posterior: back/behind body
Superior: towards head/up
Inferior: towards feet/down
Medial: towards midline
Lateral: away from midline
Proximal: towards trunk of limb
Distal: away from trunk of limb
What are contralateral and ipsilateral position?
Contralateral: opposite sides of body/ Right leg and Left arm.
Ipsilateral: same sides of body/ right leg and arm
Define Dermatomes.
Regions of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve.
Sensation of touch for different areas of nerves on skin.
Define Myotomes. What types of nerves?
Muscles and their related actions innervated by a single spinal nerve. Peripheral nerves.
What are the four types of tissues and their functions/characteristics.
Epithelial- it is the outer layer, it covers surfaces inside and out, it lines the blood vessels and organs. This tissue is cellular, polar, attached, avascular, and highly regenerative.
Connective: protects, binds together, supports, fills in spaces. Diverse types, protein, cellular components.
Muscle: needed for movement. contractile, responds to stimulation from nervous tissue.
Nervous: has neurons and glial cells. Neurons- controls activities and process info. It is excitable. Glial cells- support and protect neurons. Non excitable.
What are the five different structures epithelium can take?
Simple Squamos- row of squished.
Stratified Squamos- stack of squished.
Simple Cuboidal- row of cubes
Stratified Cuboidal- stack of cubes
Simple Columnar- row of tall columns
Stratified Columnar- stack of columns
Pseudostratified: one layer thick but appears stratified in columns. contains cilia.
Key characteristics of connective tissues.
-tissue cells are not in contact with each other, surrounded by fluid.
- highly vascularized
- protein fibers add structure and strength
What are the three 3 basic components of connective tissues
-cells, protein fiber, and ground substance
What are the cells and fibers found in connective tissue?
Cells
- fibroblasts (fiber-creators)
- adipocytes (fat cells)
Fibers
- collagen, elastic, and reticular
Info on Collagen Fibers
-made of the protein collagen
-tough, flexible, resists stretching
- in dissection, collagen has a pearly white appearance.
Info on Elastin Fibers
-stretchy like rubber bands
imparts the ability to stretch and recoil back to original shape.
Wound healing (connective tissue)
Clotting proteins and plasma proteins begin to clot and form scab.
Collagen bridge allows for epithelial cells to multiply and migrate.
Scar tissue replaces collagen bridge.
Define tendons and ligaments (and fascia)
Tendons- connects muscle to bone, has collagen fibers which reduces elasticity.
Ligaments: connects bones to bones, rigid to reduce tears.
Fascia- found between the skin and the muscles, it also subdivides muscles. Connective tissues are arranged in enveloping sheets that surround structures
Define superficial and deep fascia.
superficial fascia- found deep to the skin universally in the body, rich in adipose tissue, loose in organization.
Deep fascia- almost universal, devoid of adipose and extends inward to subdivide muscles and wrap around neurovascular bundles.
What are the three types of cartilages and where are they found?
Hyaline cartilages: bone to bone connections, in between elastic and rigid. Most abundant
Elastic cartilages: most flexible, found in ears.
Fibrocartilages: most rigid, found at knee joint. Shock absorbing
What are chondroblasts and chondrocytes and where are their found.
Chondroblasts: produce the matrix of cartilage, they become chondrocytes once they make enough matrix to encase themselves in lacunae.
Chondrocytes: mature cartilage cells that maintain the matrix.
Features of Cartilage Matrix
Avascular
Resistant to compression: compression helps maintain cartilage by promoting fluid movement to cells (like squeezing a water bottle).
Tears easily.
What are the key functions of cartilage
-providing a gliding surface for joints
- providing a model for bone formation/ growth
-skeletal structure where flexibility or resistance to breaking is useful (adds flexibility to bones)
What is the outer layer of bone.
Periosteum
What are the five specialized bone functions
Protection of vital structures- form rigid walls of cavities (ribs)
Support for body: vertebral column forms
structural framework for trunk
Mechanical basis for movement: provide attachments for muscles and provides levers for other bones.
Blood cells: red bone marrow in ends of long bones
Mineral storage: calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Calcium is necessary for muscle contraction.
Where does bone grow
Ossification center in middle and ends of bones. Growth plate of hyaline cartilage.
With age, what occurs to bones.
Childhood- more fibrous, less mineral, easily deformed or fractured.
Adulthood- mineralization is well balanced and bones are durable
Elders- lose mineralization, fractures increase.
2 growth parts of Long Bones
Diaphysis- growth between 2 parts (shaft of bone)
Epiphysis- growth at end (rounded ends)
Define spongy and compact bone
Spongy- inner bone, made up of trabeculae filled with marrow.
Compact- outer bone, smooth and solid
Define nerve and tract
nerve: a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system
tract: a bundle of axons in the central nervous system.
Difference between CNS and PNS
CNS- consists of the brain and spinal cord
:brain stem, cerebellum and cerebrum
PNS- all nerves that exit from brain and spinal cord
:12 pairs cranial nerves and 31 pairs spinal nerves
What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue.
Neurons: conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
Glial Cells: support neurons in the environment.
Three structure of the neuron structure
Cell body- nucleus
Dendrites- short processes off the body that receive nerve impulses
Axon- long process through which the neuron sends an impulse.
What makes myelin sheaths in PNS and CNS?
Schwan cells make myelin sheaths in PNS
Oligodendrocytes make myelin sheaths in CNS.
What are the two bone classification systems?
Axial- skull/vertebral column/ sternum &ribs. Center (no appendage)
Appendicular: appendages, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle.
Shape: long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.
Long Bones
Tubular, found in appendages, growth from epiphysis. Fingers
Short Bones
Cuboidal
Found only in wrist and ankle
Flat Bones
usually serve protective functions
found in the axial skeleton (sternum and ribs)
Irregular Bones
any shape other than long, flat, or short.
Usually many tendinous attachments.
Sesamoid Bones
-develop in tendons where tendons cross long bones
-they protect the tendons from excessive wear
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle: cells attach to bones. Long and multinucleated. control force range.
Smooth muscle: cells form sheets within organs and blood vessels. Cells are shorter, contract together as unit. Mononucleated.
Cardiac Muscle: found only within the heart. Contract together as a unit.
How do skeletal muscles move. What are extensors and flexors.
muscles will move insertion point of bone closer to origin point during flexion.
Flexion: shortening joint angle
Extension: increasing joint angle
Muscle Location(intrinsic and extrinsic)
Muscles can be found within the region where their action occurs are called intrinsic muscles-located directly where action occurs.
Muscles found outside the area where their action occurs are called extrinsic- not located in area of action but still have effect
Arrangements of muscle fibers
Pennate: more force produce, large cross section, short length, stacked
Parallel: more shortening possible, small cross section, long length
Define abduction and adduction
abduction- move away from body
adduction- bring back to body
Define elevation and depression
Elevation: raise
Depression: lower
Define circumduction, medial (internal) rotation, lateral (external) rotation
Circumduction: rotational motion made possibly by ball and socket joints
Internal rotation: movement where the anterior surface of a limb rotates toward the midline
External: movement where the anterior surface of a limb rotates away from the midline
What are the two Uniaxial joints? Biaxial?
Triaxial?
Uniaxial: Hinge and Pivot(trochoid)
Biaxial: Condyloid and Saddle
Triaxial: Plane and Ball & Socket
What movements can Hinge and Pivot joints do? Examples
Hinge: flexion/extension. Think of something fitting perfectly in a cup. an example would be the elbow joint.
Pivot: side to side rotation. Example would be the C2 (axis) rotation of your neck
What movements can Condyloid and Saddle joints do? Examples.
Condyloid: forward/backward and side to side movements. think foot ball in a dish. Flexion/extension abduction/adduction. Example Metacarpo-phalangeal joint (finger to knuckle)
Saddle: rocking side to side and front/back. Two U pieces together. Example: thumb joint
What movements can Plane and Ball & Socket joint do ? Examples
Plane: slide up/down, side/side, and rotate around. This joint usually acts uniaxial. Example: clavicle
Ball & Socket: abduction and adduction, circumduction, side to side. Example: shoulder
What are the three layers between skull and brain?
Dura Mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia Mater
Features of Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
DM: 2 layers: periosteal layer and meningeal layer
AM: “spider legs” lift the membrane off of brain to reduce pressure from cerebral spinal fluid.
PM: directly on cerebrum. deep to subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid flows.
what does the subarachnoid space house?
cerebrospinal fluid
what are the “peaks” and “valleys” of the brain called?
Sulci: valley
Gyri: peak
What are the three large components of the “brain”
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem
What is gray matter and white matter in the brain.
Gray matter: outer layer, is made of cell bodies.
White matter: inner layer, axons of cells.
What is gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord?
White matter: outer layer, houses cell bodies
Gray Matter: inner layer, houses axons
Functions of cerebrum
thoughts, reasoning, language, memory, judgement, voluntary, visual, auditory.
What are the five lobes of the cerebrum and their functions?
Frontal lobe: Primary motor cortex, pre-motor cortex, personality, cognition, planning
Parietal Lobe: somatosensory cortex (sense of touch).
Temporal: olfactory and auditory information, sense of smell and hearing.
Occipital: primary visual cortex, visual input.
Insula: sense of taste.
Where and what are the Central and Lateral Sulcus?
Central: separates anterior and posterior hemispheres of cerebellum. Can be easily seen between frontal and parietal lobes.
Lateral: separates superior and inferior hemispheres of cerebellum. Can be seen separating frontal/parietal lobes with temporal lobe.
Roles of hypothalamus and their nuclei
-control over autonomic nervous system
-control of endocrine system
- Nuclei control body temp, emotional behavior, and food/water intake.
What is the Limbic system and what are its subparts?
a collection of deep brain structures that regulate emotions, memories and emotional responses to sensory stimuli.
Connects to the reticular formation to coordinate physical responses to fear.
contains amygdala and hippocampus
What are the functions of the amygdala and hippocampus?
amygdala: fear center. process fear and coordinates appropriate nervous system response. recognizes menacing facial expressions
hippocampus: forms, consolidates and retrieves memories.
What is thalamus and where is it located?
paired oval structures lateral to the midline.
Acts as a filter for somatosensory information. Direct sensory info to the correct lobe. Send info about the origin of the sensation
It can edit, amplify or diminish information heading to the cerebral cortex.
What does the midbrain do ?
it contains many centers of control for limb, eye motor movements.
What does the Pons do?
sensory and motor tracts that connect the brain to the spinal cord.
What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?
Communication between brain and spinal cord involves tracts through Medulla.
Descending motor tracts and Ascending sensory. Allows for autoregulation of cardiac and respiratory center.
What are the three types of fibrous synarthroses? Examples
Sutures: Fibrous connective tissue joins two bones, found in the skull, immoveable.
Syndesmoses: two bones are joined by a wide sheet or membrane. found between ulna and radius
Gomphoses: surfaces of the bones are adapted to each other, like a peg and socket: How teeth connect to jaw.
Define uni, bi, and multipennate muscles.
Unipennate: muscle fibers are oriented at one fiber angle.
Bipennate: muscle fibers are oriented at two fiber angles.
Multipennate: bundle of muscle fibers
What are the two types of synarthroses?
synchondroses: hyaline cartilage directly connects two bones (growth plates)
Symphyses: pad of fibrocartilage connects two bones. Common in weight bearing locations.
