Exam 4 Flashcards
What does the Anular ligament of the radius do?
Holds radial head to humerus; if teared the radius will dislocate.
What does the ulnar collateral ligament do ?
Prevent medial (side to side) movement
What is the carrying angle of the elbow?
Angle which we bend normally when our arms are at our sides. Rest outside of hips, different angle for each person.
How many muscles cross the elbow; what are the two chief flexors? What are the two secondary flexors that assist in the presence of resistance?
17 muscles cross the elbow
Chief flexors: Biceps Brachii, Brachialis
Secondary flexors: In the presence of resistance the brachioradialis and pronator teres assist in slowing flexion. Support/control elbow flexion.
During pronation and supination the radial head rotates within the ______
Anular ligament
What connects the radius and ulna?
The Interosseous membrane
What articulates in distal radioulnar joint?
Head of Ulna articulates wit the ulnar notch on the radius.
Radius is doing the movement, moves over the ulna.
What are the two muscles of supination and the two of pronation?
Supination: supinator and biceps brachii
Pronation: pronator quadratus and pronator teres
OIAN of Supinator
Origin
- Lateral epicondyle of humerus
- Annular and radial collateral ligaments
- Supinator crest of ulna
Insertion - Lateral surface of proximal radius
Action - Supination of forearm
Nerve Supply - Deep branch of radial nerve
OIAN of Pronator Quadratus
Origin - Distal anteromedial ulna
Insertion - Distal anterolateral radius
Action - Pronation of forearm
Nerve Supply - Median nerve
OIAN of Pronator Teres
Origin - Humeral Head – Medial epicondyle of humerus, Ulnar Head – Coronoid process of ulna
Insertion - Middle of lateral radius
Action - Pronation of forearm
- Flexion of elbow
Nerve Supply - Median nerve
OIAN of Biceps Brachii
Origin:
- Short head – Coracoid process
- Long head – Supraglenoid tubercle
Insertion:
- Tendon – Radial tuberosity
- Bicipital aponeurosis – Antebrachial fascia (medial side)
Action:
Both heads:
- Supination of forearm
- Flexion of elbow
Short head:
- Also: Flexion of shoulder
Nerve Supply: - Musculocutaneous nerve
OIAN of brachialis
Origin: - Distal anterior humerus
Insertion:
- Ulnar tuberosity
- Coronoid process
Action: - Flexion of elbow
Nerve Supply: - Musculocutaneous nerve
OIAN of Brachioradialis
Origin: - Supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: - Styloid process of radius
Action: - Flexion of elbow with forearm in neutral position
Nerve Supply: - Radial nerve
OIAN of Pronator Teres
Origin - Humeral Head – Medial epicondyle of humerus, Ulnar Head – Coronoid process of ulna
Insertion - Middle of lateral radius
Action - Pronation of forearm
- Flexion of elbow
Nerve Supply - Median nerve
What are the eight carpal bones
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, Trapezium (thumb)
What is unique of the pisiform bone?
it is a sesamoid bone, enveloped in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris
What are the 2 proximal distal joints of the wrist complex
Radiocarpal and midcarpal
What are the proximal and distal components of the radiocarpal joint?
Proximal components: radius, articular disc (triangular ligament)
Distal components: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
What are the Distal and Proximal components of the Midcarpal Joint?
Distal: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium
free :)
What forms the carpal tunnel?
Transverse carpal Ligament/Flexor retinaculum forms the tunnel with the carpals.
What are the joints between carpals and metacarpals?
Carpometacarpals
What are the four tendons that cross the anterior of the wrist (flexion)?
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundis
OIAN of Palmaris Longus
Origin - Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion
- Palmar aponeurosis
- Flexor retinaculum
- Bases of proximal phalanges
Action - Flexion of wrist
Nerve Supply - Median nerve
OIAN of Flexor Carpi Radialis
Origin - Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion - Base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
Action - Flexion of wrist, Radial deviation of wrist
Nerve Supply - Median nerve
OIAN of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Origin
- Humeral Head: Medial epicondyle of humerus
- Ulnar Head: Olecranon process and proximal posterior ulna
Insertion
- Pisiform
- Hook of hamate
- Base of 5thmetacarpal
Action - Flexion of wrist
- Ulnar deviation of wrist
Nerve Supply - Ulnar nerve
OIAN of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Origin
- Medial epicondyle of humerus
- Coronoid process of ulna
- Proximal anterior surface of radius
Insertion - Middle phalanges of digits 2-5
Action - Flexion of wrist
- Flexion of digits 2-5 at MCP and PIP joints
Nerve Supply - Median nerve
OIAN of Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Origin - Proximal surface of ulna
Insertion - Base of distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Action - Flexion of wrist
- Flexion of digits 2-5 at MCP, PIP and DIP joints
Nerve Supply - Digits 2-3: median nerve
- Digits 4-5: ulnar nerve
OIAN of Flexor Pollicis Longus
Origin - Anterior surface of radius
- Interosseous membrane
Insertion - Base of distal phalanx of digit 1
Action - Flexion of thumb at IP joint
Nerve Supply - Median nerve
OIAN of Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus:
Origin - Lateral supracondylar ridge
- Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion - Base of 2nd metacarpal
Action - Extension of wrist
- Radial deviation of wrist
Nerve Supply - Radial nerve
OIAN of Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis:
Origin - Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion - Base of 3rd metacarpal
Action - Extension of wrist
Nerve Supply - Deep branch of radial nerve
OIAN of Extensor Digitorum
Origin - Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion - Extensor expansion of digits 2-5
Action - Extension of wrist
- Extension of digits 2-5 at MCP joints
Nerve Supply - Deep branch of radial nerve
OIAN of Extensor Digit Minimi
Origin - Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion - Extensor expansion of digit 5
Action - Extension of wrist
- Extension of digit 5 at MCP joint
Nerve Supply - Deep branch of radial nerve
OIAN of Extensor Carpi Ulnaris:
Origin
- Humeral Head – Lateral epicondyle of humerus,
- Ulnar Head – Proximal posterior ulna
Insertion - Base of 5th metacarpal
Action - Extension of wrist
- Ulnar deviation of wrist
Nerve Supply - Deep branch of radial nerve
OIAN Abductor Pollicis Longus:
Origin - Posterior surfaces of radius and ulna
- Interosseous membrane
Insertion - Base of 1st metacarpal
Action - Radial deviation of wrist
- Abduction of thumb at CMC joint
Nerve Supply - Deep branch of radial nerve
OIAN of Extensor Pollicis Brevis:
Origin - Posterior radius
- Interosseous membrane
Insertion- Base of proximal phalanx of digit 1
Action - Radial deviation of wrist
- Extension of thumb at MCP joint
Nerve Supply - Deep branch of radial nerve
OIAN of Extensor Pollicis Longus:
Origin - Middle posterior ulna and interosseous membrane
Insertion - Base of distal phalanx of digit 1
Action - Radial deviation of wrist
- Extension of thumb at IP joint
Nerve Supply - Deep branch of radial nerve
OIAN of Extensor Indicis
Origin - Posterior ulna
- Adjacent interosseous membrane
Insertion - Extensor expansion of digit 2
Action - Extension of wrist
- Extension of digit 2 at MCP joint
Nerve Supply - Deep branch of radial nerve
What is the palmar aponeurosis?
Fascia covers the tendons, blood supply, nerves and muscles. It connects on its distal side to the superficial transverse metacarpal ligament.
What is the volar plate?
tough pad of fibrocartilage that sits one the volar surface. It provides stability by preventing hyperextension
What are the two ligaments in the finger joint?
Collateral Ligament: One ligament that connects Metacarpal and phalanx.
Accessory Collateral Ligament: Second ligament connects metacarpal to the volar plate (provides stability)
What three joints connects the metacarpals and phalanxs?
MCP: Metacarpophalangeal Joint- Metacarpal to proximal phalanx
PIP: Proximal interphalangeal joint- Proximal phalanx to phalanx
DIP: Distal interphalangeal joint- phalanx to distal phalanx
What does the flexor digitorum superficialis flex?(joints)
Flexes MCP and PIP joints, inserts at phalanx
What does the flexor digitorum profundus flex? (joints)
Flexes MCP, PIP, and DIP joints, inserts at distal phalanx
What is the extensor hood?
at MCP joint, tendons of extensor digitorum, digiti minimi, and indicis meet with a broad aponeurosis called the extensor hood
What do the Dorsal and Palmar Interossei muscles contribute to?
Dorsal: contribute to abduction DAB
Palmar: contribute to adduction PAD
OIAN of Abductor Pollicus Brevis
Origin: Flexor retinaculum, trapezium, scaphoid
Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of digit 1
Action: abduction of thumb at CMC joint
Nerve supply: median nerve
OIAN of Flexor Pollicus Brevis
Origin: superficial head- flexor retinaculum and trapezium; deep head- trapezium and capitate
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of digit 1
Action: Flexion of thumb at MCP joint
Nerve supply: median nerve for superficial head and ulnar nerve for deep head
OIAN of Opponens Pollicus
Origin: Flexor Retinaculum, trapezium
Insertion: radial shaft of 1st metacarpal
Action: opposition of thumb at CMC joint
Nerve Supply: median nerve
OIAN of Adductor Pollicus
Origin: Transverse head- anterior surface of 3rd metacarpal
Oblique head- bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals; capitate, trapezoid and trapezium
Insertion: base of proximal phalanx of digit 1
Action: Adduction of thumb at CMC joint
Nerve Supply: Ulnar nerve
What are the two lumbar plexus nerves that innervate lower fibers of anterior abdominal muscles?
Ili0hypogastric and Ilioinguinal
OIAN of Quadratus Lumborum
Origin: Iliac crest
Insertion: 12th rib, transverse process of L1-4
Action: Lateral flexion of spine, elevates hip
Innervation: Ventral rami T12-L4
OIAN of Psoas Minor
Origin- Body of T12-L1
Insertion: Superior Ramus of pubis
Action: Flexion of lumbar spine
Innervation: Spinal nerves L1
What muscle is used for exercises that require a tightening of the abdominals (plank)
Transverse Abdominal
What is the Thoracolumbar Fascia the origin for?
it is the origin for both the Internal Oblique and the Transverse Abdominus
What muscles are used for twisting of the abdomen (russian twist exercise)
Internal and External Obliques
OIAN of Rectus Abdominus
Origin: pubic symphysis and crest
Insertion: costal cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process
Action: flexion of spine, compression of abdomen
Innervation: T7-12
What are the four abdominal muscles from superficial to deep?
External Oblique, Rectus Abdominis, Internal Oblique, Transverse Abdominis
What muscles pass deep to the inguinal ligament and where do they insert?
Iliacus and Psoas Major both pass deep to the inguinal ligament and insert on the femur, they are hip flexors
What is the Thoracolumbar Fascia
Critical structural connection, connects force between trunk and leg. (low back)
Origin of transverse abdominal and internal oblique, also latissimus dorsi. Wraps around quadratus lumborum
What are the two cavities of the abdomen?
Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal cavities
What are the Mesenteries and Great Omentum?
Mesenteries: anchor intestines to posterior abdominal wall
Greater Omentum: hangs down from the stomach like a curtain, separating visceral and parietal peritoneum
Details on Visceral Fat
Visceral Fat accumulates in and under the omentum and mesenteries in some individuals. Visceral fat is an endocrine organ that releases adipokines.
What are Adipokines ?
Hormones that impact our metabolism
Where is the Inguinal Canal and what passes through it (reproductive)
Between the aponeurosis of the external oblique (superior) and inguinal ligament (inferior)
Spermatic cord or round ligament of uterus pass through
V shape towards genitals
Why are chronic cough and constipation risk factors for hernias?
The pressure on the abdominal wall can lead to intestine escaping
What are parts of the GI tract beginning at the mouth and ending at anus
Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach,Small intestine, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
What are the accessories of the GI tract?
Parotid gland, tongue, teeth, sublingual gland, submandibular gland, diaphragm, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, bile duct
What are the four major parts of stomach?
Lesser curvature, greater curvature, body, fundus
What does the Pyloric sphincter do ?
Sets pace of exiting
What causes the stomach “growling” sounds?
Layers of muscle twisting with nothing inside
What are the three functional sections of the small intestine? What are their functions?
Dudoenum: majority of digestion occurs here
Jejunum and Ileum: long massively folded internal structures for surface area. Absorption occurs here
What are the functions of the Large intestine?
Absorbs water and vitamins from the remaining material. Also functions in compaction of feces.
Path of large intestine
Ileocecal Valve (from small intestine), Cecum, Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid Colon, Rectum, Anal Canal/External anal sphincter
What does the appendix do and what is the danger?
haven for bacteria, repopulate the large intestine after diarrhea
If a lump of feces or swelling of lymph tissue causes blockage, the bacteria cannot escape. Swelling and rupture can result. This will release all of the bacteria into the body
What divides the left and right lobes of the liver
Falciform Ligament
What makes up the Porta Hepatis?
Hepatic Portal vein, artery, and ducts
Function of gall bladder?
Stores bile
What is the function of bile and where is it produced?
Bile breaksdown lipids and is produced in the liver
What are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas?
Exocrine: pancreatic juice to GI tract
Endocrine: regulator of blood sugar through the antagonistic action of insulin and glucagon
