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Anatomy/Physiology I > Unit 2 - The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Five functions of skeletal system

A 
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
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2
Q

Bone shapes

A 
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Round bones
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3
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

These multiply and can differentiate into osteoblast cells when needed to form new bone

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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

Secrete the collagen snd other organic components that make up the matrix part of bone

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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Help break down bone snd add calcium and phosphates ti the blood (resorption)

Growth snd repair tissue

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6
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature cells that come from osteoblasts

Found in cavities called lacunae

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7
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense osseous tissue located in the superficial surface

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8
Q

Osteons (compact bone)

A

Give bone great strength in one direction

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9
Q

Central canal (compact bone)

A

Center area of compact bine is where the blood vessels are found

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10
Q

Canaliculi (compact bone)

A

Microscopic canals between the lucanae

Osteocytes are found here

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11
Q

Lamellae (compact bone)

A

Layers of matrix or hydroxyapatite (made of calcium and phosphate) provides strength

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12
Q

Spongy bone tissue

A

An open network of osseous tissue located deep inside the bone

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13
Q

Trabeculae (soft bone tissue)

A

Bony spicules running different directions inside the bone

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14
Q

What are the spaces in the trabeculae filled with?

A

Bone marrow

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15
Q

Diaphysis shaft

A

Long bone
Thick layer of superficial compact bone
Filled with yellow bone marrow

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16
Q

Epiphysis ends

A

Long bone ends

Articular cartilage covers this end and a band called the epiphyseal plate “aka growth plate”

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17
Q

Membranes (2 types)

A

Long bone
Periosteum: dense fibrous connective tissue wrapping around bone

Endosteum: connective tissue lining the inside of bone

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18
Q

Marrow hematopoiesis

A

Long bone
Bone marrow fills the medullary cavity in the middle of the bone

Adipose tissue which gives the tissue its yellow color

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19
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

The way flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle are formed

Develops between layers of fibrous connective tissue

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20
Q

Endochodral ossification

A

Most bones in the skeleton are developed by this

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21
Q

Three stages of endochondral ossification

A

Bony collar formation
Primary ossification center formation
Secondary ossification centers formation

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22
Q

Appositional growth

A

Bone increases in the thickness or width

Strengthens bone and occurs in mature bone

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23
Q

Endochondral growth

A

Interstitial growth increases the length of long bone

Chondrocytes undergo mitosis on epiphyseal side of plate

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24
Q

Frontal bone

A

Skull

Single slightly curved flat bone (forehead)

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25
Q

Parietal bones

A

Skull

Paired bones are slightly curved flat bones (top of skull)

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26
Q

Temporal bones (2)

A

Skull

Lateral and inferior base of cranium

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27
Q

External auditory meatus

A

Temporal bones in skull

Tube forming the ear canal

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28
Q

Styloid process

A

Temporal bones : Skull

Needle like projection of bone found on the base of the temporal loan

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29
Q

Mastoid process

A

Temporal bones : skull

Large round projection on the inferior lateral aspect of temporal bone

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30
Q

Occipital bone

A

Posterior inferior base of the cranium snd contains several important structure

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31
Q

Occipital condyles

A

Occipital bone: skull
Posterior inferior base of cranium
Structure that allows the head and neck to nod yes

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32
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Occipital: skull

Large hole in the occipital bone

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33
Q

Sphenoid bone

A

Butterfly or bat shaped bone constitutes much of the anterior inferior cranial floor

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34
Q

Sella turcica

A

Skull

Center in of the sphenoid bone

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35
Q

Ethmoid bone

A

Cube shaped bone located anterior to the sphenoid bone and behind the nasal bone

Contains crista galli and cribiform plate

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36
Q

Maxillae

A

Upper jaw bone

Pair of bones fused together in the center of the face

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37
Q

Palatine bones

A

Bones fuse together to form the posterior hard palate in the roof of the mouth

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38
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Cheekbones (and sides of eye orbits)

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39
Q

Nasal bones

A

Paired nasal bones comprise the bridge of the nose

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40
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jaw bone is moveable from the skull

Contains sockets holding the teeth

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41
Q

Hyoid bone

A

Small u-shaped bone embedded in the fleshy area between the mandible

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42
Q

Vertabrae

A

32-33 vertebrae

Each component has the same body and vertebral arch

43
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Superior 7 vertebrae with an anterior convex curve

1: Atlas
2: Axis

44
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

The 12 vertebrae form a posterior concave curve in the back of the thoracic cavity

45
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

5 lumbar vertebrae form an anterior convex curve

46
Q

Sacrum

A

5 vertebrae form posterior concave curve in the posterior wall of pelvic cavity

47
Q

Coccyx

A

3-4 vertebrae form an anterior convex curve

48
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone

49
Q

Ribs

A

12 pairs of ribs curved flat bones

7 true superior ribs
5 inferior ribs
2 floating ribs

50
Q

Pectoral girdle and upper limb

A

Shoulder joint composed if the clavicle and scapula

51
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone (curved)

52
Q

Scapulae

A

Irregular shaped triangular, fat bone just posterior of the rib cage

53
Q

Humerus

A

Single large long bone of upper arm

54
Q

Radius

A

Long bone of the forearm

55
Q

Ulna

A

Medial long bone of the forearm

Trochlea of the humerus

56
Q

Carpals

A

8 per hand

57
Q

Metacarpals

A

5 per hand

58
Q

Phalanges

A

14 per hand (long bones in fingers)

59
Q

Pelvic girdle and lower limb

A

hip joint composed of ox coxae

Supports entire eight of the upper body ina. Standing position

60
Q

Ilium

A

Large flared superior bone of the os coxae

61
Q

Ischium

A

Inferior portion of the coxal bone comprising the lateral portion of the pelvic inlet

62
Q

Pubis

A

Anterior portion of the os coxae

63
Q

Femur

A

Single large long bone of the thigh

Head and greater trochanter

64
Q

Tibia

A

Medial large long bone of the lower leg

Head, tibial tuberosity and medial malleolus

65
Q

Fibula

A

Lateral thin long bone of the lower leg

66
Q

Tarsals

A

7 short bones of the ankle

Contains calcaneus

67
Q

Metatarsals

A

Long bones comprising the fleshy part if the foot

68
Q

Phalanges

A

Long bones of the toes

4 little toes have 3 and bug toe only has 2

69
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Caused by a decreased bone density level

70
Q

Articulations

A

Joints: Located where two or more bones join together

71
Q

Two types of joints

A

Synathroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses

72
Q

Synathroses

A

Immovable joints located in the axial skeleton

73
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly moveable joints located in the axial skeleton

74
Q

Diarthroses

A

Freely moveable joints located in appendicular skeleton

Cartilage as shock absorber
Fibrous connective tissue
Joint cavity
Ligaments
Tendons 
Synovial fluid
Bursae
75
Q

Six Types of synovial joints

A 
Plane
Saddle
Hinge
Pivot
Ball and socket
Ellipsoid
76
Q

Flexion

A

Decreased joint angle

Bending the joint

77
Q

Extension

A

Increased joint angle

Bending to increase angle

78
Q

Adduction

A

Toward midline

79
Q

Abduction

A

Away from midline

80
Q

Circumduction

A

Wide circle

81
Q

Rotation

A

Axial movement around a point

Ex: turning head

82
Q

Elevation

A

Up

83
Q

Depression

A

Down

84
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Reduces the joint angle at the ankle and raises the toes

85
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Increases the join angle at the ankle and pointing toes or going up in the balls of your feet

86
Q

Eversion

A

Sole outward

87
Q

Inversion

A

Sole inward

88
Q

Pronation

A

Palms down

89
Q

Supination

A

Palms up

90
Q

Opposition

A

Unique feature of the thumb as it crosses the palm

91
Q

Connective tissues

A

Muscles are attached to bone vis chords or sheets if dense fibrous connective tissue

92
Q

Endomysium

A

Tissue around each individual muscle cell or fiber

93
Q

Perimysium

A

Tissue around bundles of muscle cells

Each bundle muscle cells called fascicle

94
Q

Epimysium

A

Tissue wrapped around the entire muscle

95
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Destruction if cartilage between bones in the synovial joint s

96
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Persistent inflammation in the synovial joints

97
Q

Fractures

A

Broken bones, several types

98
Q

Kyphosis

A

Hunchback

99
Q

Lordosis

A

Swayback (curve inward in lower back)

100
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Causes extremely fragile bones

Brittle bone disease

101
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Bone cancer

Seen in young individuals 10-25

102
Q

Pagets disease

A

Causes bones to grow larger and weaker than normal

Bones might break more easily

103
Q

Scoliosis

A

Causes lateral curve of the vertebral column

Anatomy/Physiology I (11 decks)

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