Unit 1 - Tissues Flashcards
Atomic level
Atoms are the smallest unit of an element that still maintains the property
Ex: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Molecular level
Atoms combine to form molecules that have a separate property
Ex: Water, DNA and carbohydrates
Cellular level
Smallest unit of life, perform specific functions
Ex: Muscle cell, skin cell and neuron
Tissue level
Groups if cells with similar functions
Ex: Muscle, epithelial and connective
Organ level
Two or more types of tissues that work together to complete a specific task
Ex: Heart, liver, stomach
Organ system level
Group of organs that carries out mire generalized functions
Ex: Digestive system, circulatory system
Organism level
Has several organ systems that function together
Ex: Human
Define tissue
A group of similar cells
Four types of tissues
Epithelium: covering or lining
Muscle: support
Connective: movement
Nervous: control
Epithelial tissues
- Covers the body surface and lines inner body cavities
- Protection, absorption, filtration and secretion
- Avascular, highly regenerative
Connective tissue
- Binds organs together, support and protection
- most abundant tissue type
- Cells are separated by non-cellular matrix and fibers
- produces blood cells
- Stores fat
Muscle tissues
Skeletal- cylindrical , helps us move
Cardiac- In the heart
Smooth- No striations - involuntarily contractions
Produces body heat
Nervous tissues
Neurons and supporting cells
Stimulates muscles to move, glands to secrete snd carries impulses to and from organ systems
Epithelial terms that refer to number of cels
Simple- Single layer of cells and do filtration and absorption
Stratified- Two or more cell layers for protection
Pseudo stratified- Looks like there are many cell layers but it is really only one layer that vary in height
Epithelial terms that refer to shape
Squamous- Flat or shingle like
Cuboidal- cube shaped
Columnar- rectangular
Simple squamous epithelium
Single layer flat cells
alveoli of lungs, lining blood vessels. Functions in diffusion and secretes serous fluid
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Single layer cubed shape
- Lining of kidney tubules and in some glands
- Absorption, secretion and mucus production
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Single layer and rectangular
- lining of GI tract
- absorption and secretion and mucus production
Pseudo stratified Columnar
Single layer and cells that vary in height
- lining of respiratory tract
- Secrete and propel mucus. It has cilia
Stratified Squamous - Nonkeratinized and keratinized)
Keratinized - Many layers of flat cells. Epidermis of skin cells
Nonkeratinized- Many layers of flat cells, found in moist lining of mouth, esophagus and vagina
Stratified Cuboidal
Two layers if cube shaped cells, in ducts of sweat glands
Stratified Columnar
Several layers of rectangular shaped cells, in some areas of male urethra
Transitional Epithelium
Type of epithelium
Many layers and vary in appearance
Lining of urethra and urinary bladder
Common origin of connective tissue
Mesenchyme in the embryo and has few cells
Describe epithelial tissue
Very cellular
Describe extracellular matrix
Consists of fibers and a fluid or gel
Allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse between the cells
Fibers include collagen, elastic fibers and reticular fibers
Areolar connective tissue
Loose arrangement of fibers and cells in a large amount of ground substance
Epithelial tissue and between muscles and under the skin
Reticular tissue
Loose network of reticular fibers and cells
Found in the lymph nodes, spleen and thymus and bone marrow
Forms supportive framework (stroma)
Adipose tissue
In hypodermis Fat tissue Contains adipocytes, full of fat Very cellular Found in subcutaneous tissue in breasts, around kidneys and behind the eyes
Dense connective tissue
Made up mainly of fibers
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Made of collagen fibers, densely packed and run parallel to each other
Cells are fibroblasts
Ex: Tendons and ligaments
Dense irregular connective tissue
Made up of collagen fibers that are densely pack but randomly arranged
Withstand stress
Ex: Dermis of skin and capsules around organs
Elastic connective tissue
Made of elastic fibers plus some collagen fibers
Strength and flexibility
Ex: Aorta and ligaments between vertebrae
Cartilage
Firm matrix and is tough and flexible
Does nit have nerves or blood vessels
Cells are chondrocytes and they sit in cavities called lacuna
Hyaline Cartilage
Collagen fibers
Bluish white
Found at the end of long bones, tip of the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi and in the embryonic skeleton
Elastic cartilage
Collagen and elastic fibers
Found where you need strength and stretch
Ex: External ear and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage
Strongest cartilage
Resists compression and absorbs stress
Found in pubic symphysis, meniscus of the knee snd intervertebral discs
Bone (Osseous Tissue)
Contains hard matrix (collagen fibers and Ca++)
Cells are osteoblasts and osteocytes
It is very well vascularized
Blood (Vascular tissue)
The matrix is the plasma of the blood and it contains fibers which are clotting proteins
Cells are called formed elements
Functions in transport (of red and white blood cells)
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Muscle tissue - Skeletal Muscles
Voluntary control muscle
Striated
Attached by tendons to bone
Cells are long and cylandrical
Ex: gluteus Maximus, biceps brachii and deltoid
Smooth (visceral) muscle
Involuntary action muscle
Does not have striations
Found in walls of digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts, blood vessels, the uterus and other organs
Contracts more slowly than skeletal muscle
Cells are long and tapered
Cardiac Muscle
Found in the walls of the hearts
Striations but is involuntary
Cells are branched and join each other at intercalated disks
Nervous tissue
Found in the brain and spinal cord and the nerves
Cell types in the nervous tissue
Contains cells called neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (supporting cells)
Cell body, called axon and dendrites
The axons extend away from the cell body and transmit the nerve message
What is the function of the nervous system?
Functions in communication and control
Stratum basale layer
Deepest layer if the five layers if the epidermis
Stratum corneum layer
Primary barrier from outside environment (near the surface)
Dermis layer
Thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis
Has all blood capillaries, nerves, sweat glands, hair follicles…
Epidermis layer
Surface epithelium of skin, overlying the dermis
Papillary layer of skin
Superficial layer if dermis on the inner surface of the epidermis
Meissner’s Corpuscle in skin
In papillary layer
A sensory nerve ending that is sensitive to mechanical stimuli (in the dermis)
Soft touch (feather)
Free nerve ending in skin
Bare nerve ending that sends signals to sensory neurons
Reticular layer in skin
Thick bottom layer of dermis
Collagen fibers give strength and resilience to skin
Pacinian corpuscle of skin
In reticular layer
Encapsulated ending of a sensory nerve that acts as a receptor for pressure and vibration
Deep or hard pressure
Sebaceous gland in skin
Small gland that secretes lubricating oily matter into hair follicles
Sweat gland
Secretes sweat, in the dermis of skin, simple coiled tubular structure
Sweat duct in skin
Stimulated by high temperatures. Sweat builds up and ruptures duct and pushed out if epidermis
Sweat pore in skin
Where sweat pushes out of after sweat duct builds pressure and ruptures
Name parts of hair
Root Shaft Hair follicle Hair bulb Hair papilla Arrector pili muscle (helps generate heat)
Hypodermis layer
Not part of skin
Subcutaneous layer of integument
Connects skin to underlying fibrous tissue of the bones snd muscles
Bare nerve endings
Located in papillary layer
Pain receptors
