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Anatomy/Physiology I > Unit 2: Neuron Structure/Function > Flashcards

Unit 2: Neuron Structure/Function Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of nervous tissue cells

A

Neurons (sends signals)

Neuroglia (cellular division)

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2
Q

Astrocytes

A

Type neuroglial

  • help form blood brain barrier
  • Allows certain substances to pass while harmful things are kept out
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3
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Type of neuroglial

  • creates cerebral spinal fluid
  • Located in brain and spinal chord
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4
Q

Microglia

A

Type of neuroglial

  • provide protection
  • engulf microbes or clear debris from dead cells
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5
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Type of neuroglial cell

  • In the CNS: produce myelin sheaths
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6
Q

Schwann cells

A

Type of neuroglial

  • in the PNS and form the myelin sheaths for PNS Neurons
  • Surround the axon and increase the speed of conduction
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7
Q

Four characteristics of neurons

A
  • Extreme longevity
  • Amitotic (not capable of division)
  • High metabolic rate (constant need for oxygen and glucose)
  • Irritability (capable of responding to stimulation)
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8
Q

Structure of neurons

A
  • Central cell body (axon) and dendrites (axon terminals)

- Entire cell is surrounded by a cell membrane

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9
Q

Axon hillock

A
  • Connects the cell body or soma to the axon
  • Thickened area
  • Also called the trigger zone
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10
Q

Axon terminals

A

Responsible for releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse so that communication can continue between two neurons

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11
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty and insulating material that covers the axons of the neurons

Includes:
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Nodes of ranvier
Saltatory conduction
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12
Q

The synapse

A

Space or gap between an axon terminal and another neuron effector

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13
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Released into this synapse and then binds to a specialized receptor

  • Chemical that carries the nerve message.
  • Released from the axon terminal (not the dendrite)
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14
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Name for the synapse between a nerve cell and the skeletal muscle fiber that it supplies

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15
Q

Dendrites

A

Contain receptors for neurotransmitters

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16
Q

2 ways to classify neurons

A
  • Number of processes they have

- Direction of action potential conduction

17
Q

Three number of processes

A
  • Multipolar: Many dendrites and one axon
  • Bipolar: one dendrite and one axon
  • Unipolar: One process from the cell body that divides into 2 processes
18
Q

3 directions of neurons

A
  1. Afferent or sensory neurons: From the body into the CNS
  2. Interneurons: connect neurons within the central nervous system
  3. Efferent or motor neurons: Convey info out of the CNS into the body
19
Q

Cns

A

Central nervous system

20
Q

Voltage gated channels

A

Present on the axon cell membrane, normally kept closed unless there is a change in voltage

21
Q

Depolarization

A

Charge goes toward positive

Happens when Na+ enters the axon

22
Q

Hyper polarization

A

Charge goes more negative

This happens when K+ leaves the axon

23
Q

Propagation if action potentials

A

The action potential travels down the axon, toward the axonal terminals

24
Q

Two types of propagation

A

Saltatory conduction

Continuous (local) conduction

25
Q

Describe a neuron at rest

A

Negative charge inside

High concentration of Na+ inside

26
Q

Phase of action potential

A

Depolarization: Na+, charge goes to +30mV, into axon
Repolarization: K+, back down to -70mV, out of axon

27
Q

Action potential

A

A brief reversal of membrane potential

28
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Where one neuron meets the next neuron or where a neuron meets a muscle cell

29
Q

Presynaptic events

A

Action potential travels down the axon and gets to the axonal terminal

30
Q

Postsynaptic events

A

Ligand gated channels - Channels for either Na+, K+ or Cl- that are found on the dendrites if neurons

31
Q

Events of presynaptic process

A
  • Action potential arrives
  • Ca++ channels open
  • Ca++ enters presynaptic neuron
  • neurotransmitters released
  • Neurotransmitter binds to receptors
  • ligand gated Na+ channels open
  • removal of neurotransmitters by reuptake
32
Q

Cell body/soma

A

Contains nucleus of the cell or neuron

33
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps or spaces do not contain myelin and allow the action potential to propagate or move faster

34
Q

Neuron action potential sequence of events

A
  1. Depolarization graded potential occurs in response to a stimulus
  2. Na+ channels open
  3. Na+ flows into axon
  4. -70mV to +30 mV
  5. K+ channels open
  6. K+ flows out of axon
  7. +30 to -70

Anatomy/Physiology I (11 decks)

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