Unit 2 Terms Flashcards
we see that
presenting food into the dog’s mouth
causes the dog to salivate. Because
salivating happens without the dog having learned anything about environmental conditions that precede food delivery, we refer to food as an…
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
The salivating as a response of seeing food
Unconditioned Response (UR)
the sound of the tuning fork after being associated with food then getting rid if the food and just doing the tuning fork
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
the salivating as a response to the sound of the tuning fork and not food
Conditioned Response (CR)
the sound of the tuning fork
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Psychologist who did the Little Albert study and is very important to classical conditioning (advertisements)
Watson
adding something (SR+)
presentation of a stimulus
increases behavior above a baseline
Positive Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
adding something (SR+)
presentation of a stimulus
increases behavior above a baseline
They are observable stimulus changes that happen after behavior. Something is added after the behavior occurs.
Positive Reinforcer
An “if - then” relation between behavior and consequence
If the behavior occurs, then the reinforcer will be delivered
Contingency
Removal of, or prevention of an aversive stimulus. Increases the behavior above a baseline level
Negative Reinforcement
They are observable stimulus changes that happen after behavior. Something is removed or avoided as a result of the behavior.
Negative Reinforcer
taking action to terminate aversive stimulation
Escape Behavior
taking action to prevent encountering an aversive stimulus
Avoidance Behavior
Procedure in which an event that follows a behavior is stopped and the rate of the behavior decreases
Extinction
Temporary increase in the rate of the extinguished behavior
Extinction Burst
Behavior that is reinforced every time undergoes rapid extinction. Intermittently reinforced behavior takes longer to undergo extinction.
Partial-Reinforcement Effect
A procedure involving two or more physically different behaviors; one behavior is reinforced, and all other behaviors are extinguished
Differential Reinforcement
When they use it to reinforce any behavior that is an alternative to undesirable behavior but not incompatible.
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
When they use it to reinforce any behavior that is not the extinction behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)
When they use it to reinforce behavior incompatible with an undesirable behavior.
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)
e.g. parents praise for eating with good manner, incompatible with eating like a slob
Is appropriate when the behavior is not a problem, but the rate is unacceptable low.
Differential Reinforcement of High Rate Behavior (DRH)
Is appropriate when the behavior is not a problem, but the rate is unacceptable high
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate Behavior (DRL)
Differential Reinforcement
A procedure involving two or more physically different behaviors; one behavior is reinforced, and all other behaviors are extinguished
1 stimulus, 2 behaviors
knowing HOW to behave in a situation
the differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior
Shaping
steps towards the target behavior
behaviors increasingly similar to the target behavior
Successive Approximations
e.g. “duh,” “da,” and “da…da” are successive approximations to “dada”
The standard for reinforcement changes. A behavior that was reinforced no longer produces the reinforcer.
Changing Criteria
e.g. used to get a reinforcer for saying “duh,” but now there is no reinforcer for that, only for saying “dada”
The goal of the shaping behavior
Target Behavior
Shaping
the differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior
Consists of: reinforcing a behavior in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus ad extinguishing it in the presence of another antecedent stimulus
Discrimination Training
2 situations, 1 behavior
know WHEN to engage in a specific behavior
Discrimination Training
Consists of: reinforcing a behavior in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus ad extinguishing it in the presence of another antecedent stimulus
a stimulus in the presence of which a response is reinforced and in the absence of which goes unreinforced
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
Is a stimulus in the presence of which the behavior has a history of extinction.
S-Delta (SΔ)
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Stimulus Control
Three-Term Contingency
Antecedent Behavior Reinforcer
SD/SΔ Operant Behavior Reinforcer/No reinforcer
Must deliver the reinforcer at the time the desired behavior occurs
Immediacy
Delivering an event only when the desired behavior occurs
Contingency
Must ensure the amount is worthwhile
Size
Change in environment to make a reinforcer more desirable
Establishing Operation (EO)
Establishing Operation (EO)
2 requirements
Change in environment to make a reinforcer more desirable
1) value altering function
2) increases the probability of behavior that has led to that reinforcer in the past
check PP once it’s posted
A consequence that maintains behavior.
No learning required for this consequence to serve as a reinforcer.
Primary Reinforcer
A consequent stimulus that acquires reinforcing properties during the lifetime of the organism.
Conditioned Reinforcers
one back up
A type of conditioned reinforcers that has multiple back up reinforcers
Generalized Reinforcers
