Unit 2 Review Flashcards
What is the Little Albert study?
Watson
Watson put a white rat next to Albert and then made a really loud noise. Eventually, Albert feared the rat even when the noise was not present.
What is generalization (Pavlovian)?
Extending the conditioned response to things similar to the conditioned stimulus
e.g. Little Albert scared of santa beard, white rabbit
What is involved in a Pavlovian extinction procedure?
The conditioned stimulus will no longer produce the conditioned response if it isn’t enforced.
goes back to neutral stimulus
What was the main finding of the Kamin blocking experiment and what theory did this challenge?
Kamin conditioned a tone sounding with a puff of air to the eye. Eventually, the tone made the participant blink.
Next he did a combination of tone+lights on with a puff of air. After the same amount of time, simply turning on the lights did not illicit the conditioned response
Called blocking because the conditioned stimulus of the tone blocked the stimulus of the lights
Challenged temporal-contiguity theory
What is the behavioral phenomenon spontaneous recovery?
Pavlov
Do the CS without the reinforcer, after a while the CR stops. After a little while, to the CS again and the CR will happen if though the reinforcer isn’t there.
What is the Rescorla Wagner theory?
expectation (don’t learn when we expect something to happen) and surprise (learning happens when we are surprised)
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Why is spontaneous recovery incompatible with Rescorla-Wagner theory?
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Because they believe you learn only when you are surprised. If there is no surprise, they won’t do the behavior.
Who was the first scientist to coin the term reinforcement?
Thorndike
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What is a reinforcement contingency?
if–>then
IF the behavior occurs, THEN the reinforcer will be delivered
positive reinforcement
A procedure where an event must follow the behavior and something is added and the rate of the behavior increases
positive reinforcer
An event that follows a behavior and adds something and increases the rate of the behavior
How are positive and negative reinforcement the same?
They both increase behavior above a baseline
How are positive and negative reinforcement different?
Positive is a presentation of a stimulus (adding something) and negative is removal of, or prevention of an aversive stimulus
What are the two categories of negative reinforcement?
escape: taking action to terminate aversive stimulation
avoidance: talking action to prevent encountering an aversive stimulus
What is the partial-reinforcement effect?
If you don’t reinforce the behavior every time, it is harder to extinguish it.
What are the four effects of extinction?
1) Extinction-induced variability (topography, trying different behaviors to get the reinforcer)
2) Extinction-Burst (doing the behavior a lot to get the reinforcer)
3) Extinction-Induced Resurgence (doing behaviors that were previously reinforced)
4) Extinction-Induced Aggression (feeling angry)
differential reinforcement
A procedure involving two or more physically different behaviors; one behavior is reinforced, and all other behaviors are extinguished
A B C
B1/ C1
1<
B2\ xC2
How many behaviors in differential reinforcement?
2
How many situations (antecedents) in differential reinforcement?
1
When they use it to reinforce any behavior that is an alternative to undesirable behavior but not incompatible.
DRA
When they use it to reinforce any behavior that is not the extinction behavior.
DRO
When they use it to reinforce behavior incompatible with an undesirable behavior.
DRI
Is appropriate when the behavior is not a problem, but the rate is unacceptable low.
DRH
Is appropriate when the behavior is not a problem, but the rate is unacceptable high
DRL
the differential reinforcement of successive approximation to a target behavior
Shaping
What is constraint therapy, how does it involve shaping?
Constrain the normal functioning limb and make the affected limb do normal everyday activities. Shaping involved because they slowly develop those skills back step by step.
Shaping to address smoking
Lamb et al. (2004)
Stop quitting “cold turkey”
Ease people into less and less smoking
Discrimination Training
Consists of: reinforcing a behavior in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus ad extinguishing it in the presence of another antecedent stimulus
How does discrimination training differ from differential reinforcement?
Discrimination training is knowing when to engage in a specific behavior. Differential reinforcement trains how to behave in a situation.
How many situations (antecedents) in a discrimination training?
2
What is Establishing Operation?
Change in environment to make a reinforcer more desirable
How does EO relate to motivation?
idk
What are the four principles of effective reinforcement?
1) Establishing Operation
2) Contingency: giving the reinforcer when the desired behavior occurs
3) Size: how big (valuable) the reinforcer is will determine it’s effectiveness
4) Immediacy: deliver the reinforcer right after the desired behavior occurs
What is the difference between primary and conditioned reinforcers?
Primary is not learned (food, water, termination of painful stimulation, sex), conditioned reinforcers are.
How is a conditioned reinforcer created?
start with a neutral stimulus
pair the neutral stimulus with a back up reinforcer (e.g. pan for pizza)
neutral stimuli become conditioned reinforcers when the are predictive of a backup behavior
What is the difference between conditioned reinforcer and generalized conditioned reinforcers?
Conditioned reinforcers have one back up, generalized have multiple back ups.
How do primary and conditioned reinforcers lose their reinforcing effectiveness?
When the reinforcer is no longer provided after the primary and conditioned reinforcers are introduced.
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