Unit 2 Review

Question 1

What is the Little Albert study?

Answer 1

Watson

Watson put a white rat next to Albert and then made a really loud noise. Eventually, Albert feared the rat even when the noise was not present.

Question 2

What is generalization (Pavlovian)?

Answer 2

Extending the conditioned response to things similar to the conditioned stimulus

e.g. Little Albert scared of santa beard, white rabbit

Question 3

What is involved in a Pavlovian extinction procedure?

Answer 3

The conditioned stimulus will no longer produce the conditioned response if it isn’t enforced.

goes back to neutral stimulus

Question 4

What was the main finding of the Kamin blocking experiment and what theory did this challenge?

Answer 4

Kamin conditioned a tone sounding with a puff of air to the eye. Eventually, the tone made the participant blink.

Next he did a combination of tone+lights on with a puff of air. After the same amount of time, simply turning on the lights did not illicit the conditioned response

Called blocking because the conditioned stimulus of the tone blocked the stimulus of the lights

Challenged temporal-contiguity theory

Question 5

What is the behavioral phenomenon spontaneous recovery?

Answer 5

Pavlov

Do the CS without the reinforcer, after a while the CR stops. After a little while, to the CS again and the CR will happen if though the reinforcer isn’t there.

Question 6

What is the Rescorla Wagner theory?

Answer 6

expectation (don’t learn when we expect something to happen) and surprise (learning happens when we are surprised)

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Question 7

Why is spontaneous recovery incompatible with Rescorla-Wagner theory?

Answer 7

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Because they believe you learn only when you are surprised. If there is no surprise, they won’t do the behavior.

Question 8

Who was the first scientist to coin the term reinforcement?

Answer 8

Thorndike

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Question 9

What is a reinforcement contingency?

Answer 9

if–>then

IF the behavior occurs, THEN the reinforcer will be delivered

Question 10

positive reinforcement

Answer 10

A procedure where an event must follow the behavior and something is added and the rate of the behavior increases

Question 11

positive reinforcer

Answer 11

An event that follows a behavior and adds something and increases the rate of the behavior

Question 12

How are positive and negative reinforcement the same?

Answer 12

They both increase behavior above a baseline

Question 13

How are positive and negative reinforcement different?

Answer 13

Positive is a presentation of a stimulus (adding something) and negative is removal of, or prevention of an aversive stimulus

Question 14

What are the two categories of negative reinforcement?

Answer 14

escape: taking action to terminate aversive stimulation
avoidance: talking action to prevent encountering an aversive stimulus

Question 15

What is the partial-reinforcement effect?

Answer 15

If you don’t reinforce the behavior every time, it is harder to extinguish it.

Question 16

What are the four effects of extinction?

Answer 16

1) Extinction-induced variability (topography, trying different behaviors to get the reinforcer)
2) Extinction-Burst (doing the behavior a lot to get the reinforcer)
3) Extinction-Induced Resurgence (doing behaviors that were previously reinforced)
4) Extinction-Induced Aggression (feeling angry)

Question 17

differential reinforcement

Answer 17

A procedure involving two or more physically different behaviors; one behavior is reinforced, and all other behaviors are extinguished

A B C
B1/ C1
1<
B2\ xC2

Question 18

How many behaviors in differential reinforcement?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

How many situations (antecedents) in differential reinforcement?

Answer 19

1

Question 20

When they use it to reinforce any behavior that is an alternative to undesirable behavior but not incompatible.

Answer 20

DRA

Question 21

When they use it to reinforce any behavior that is not the extinction behavior.

Answer 21

DRO

Question 22

When they use it to reinforce behavior incompatible with an undesirable behavior.

Answer 22

DRI

Question 23

Is appropriate when the behavior is not a problem, but the rate is unacceptable low.

Answer 23

DRH

Question 24

Is appropriate when the behavior is not a problem, but the rate is unacceptable high

Answer 24

DRL

Question 25

the differential reinforcement of successive approximation to a target behavior

Answer 25

Shaping

Question 26

What is constraint therapy, how does it involve shaping?

Answer 26

Constrain the normal functioning limb and make the affected limb do normal everyday activities. Shaping involved because they slowly develop those skills back step by step.

Question 27

Shaping to address smoking

Answer 27

Lamb et al. (2004)

Stop quitting “cold turkey”

Ease people into less and less smoking

Question 28

Discrimination Training

Answer 28

Consists of: reinforcing a behavior in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus ad extinguishing it in the presence of another antecedent stimulus

Question 29

How does discrimination training differ from differential reinforcement?

Answer 29

Discrimination training is knowing when to engage in a specific behavior. Differential reinforcement trains how to behave in a situation.

Question 30

How many situations (antecedents) in a discrimination training?

Answer 30

2

Question 31

What is Establishing Operation?

Answer 31

Change in environment to make a reinforcer more desirable

Question 32

How does EO relate to motivation?

Answer 32

idk

Question 33

What are the four principles of effective reinforcement?

Answer 33

1) Establishing Operation
2) Contingency: giving the reinforcer when the desired behavior occurs
3) Size: how big (valuable) the reinforcer is will determine it’s effectiveness
4) Immediacy: deliver the reinforcer right after the desired behavior occurs

Question 34

What is the difference between primary and conditioned reinforcers?

Answer 34

Primary is not learned (food, water, termination of painful stimulation, sex), conditioned reinforcers are.

Question 35

How is a conditioned reinforcer created?

Answer 35

start with a neutral stimulus

pair the neutral stimulus with a back up reinforcer (e.g. pan for pizza)

neutral stimuli become conditioned reinforcers when the are predictive of a backup behavior

Question 36

What is the difference between conditioned reinforcer and generalized conditioned reinforcers?

Answer 36

Conditioned reinforcers have one back up, generalized have multiple back ups.

Question 37

How do primary and conditioned reinforcers lose their reinforcing effectiveness?

Answer 37

When the reinforcer is no longer provided after the primary and conditioned reinforcers are introduced.

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