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PSY 1400 > Exam 3 Review > Flashcards

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

a schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed number of responses

A

Fixed Ratio

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2
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

a schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed number of responses

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3
Q

reinforcing the first response after a variable number of responses

A

variable ratio

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4
Q

Variable Ratio

A

reinforcing the first response after a variable number of responses

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5
Q

schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed period of time since the prior reinforcement

A

fixed interval

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6
Q

fixed interval

A

schedule for reinforcing the first response after a fixed period of time since the prior reinforcement

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7
Q

reinforcing the first response after a varying period of time

A

variable interval

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8
Q

variable interval

A

reinforcing the first response after a varying period of time

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9
Q

What are the different types of intermittent reinforcement?

A

Continuous: every repose reports a reinforcer

Intermittent: some responses are reinforced (FR, FI, VR, VI)

Extinction: every response earn no reinforcer

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10
Q

Which schedule of reinforcement is the fastest and most consistent with responses and is our favorite?

A

Variable Ratio

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11
Q

Which schedule of reinforcement has a scallop pattern?

A

Fixed Interval

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12
Q

What scientist tested intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation with markers?

A

Neuringer

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13
Q

What were the conclusions of Neuringer’s studies?

A

any time you move from more to less reinforcement, there will be a below-baseline dip in responding

the type of reinforcement used (intrinsic vs extrinsic) doesn’t appear to matter

the effect is temporary

extrinsic rewards are not evil

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14
Q

Any task that involves vigilance involves which schedule of reinforcement?

A

Variable Interval

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15
Q

When behavior occurs in the presence of novel stimulus (that resemble an SD)

A

generalization

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16
Q

generalization

A

When behavior occurs in the presence of novel stimulus (that resemble an SD)

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17
Q

What is the shape of the generalization gradient?

A

Bell-shaped, curved

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18
Q

What three techniques are used to promote generalization?

A

train and hope, generalization training (best), similar stimuli

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19
Q

What is the Milgram compliance studies?

A

person in lab coat tells participant to deliver shock. 40% give fatal shock.

The more status the person appeared to have the more likely they’ll give the fatal shock

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20
Q

Study where participant delivers shock

A

Milgram Compliance Study

21
Q

Importance of Milgram Compliance Study of generalization?

A

participants found people who wore white lab coats (fit their generalized view of reliable authority) to be trustworthy to the point of lethal shock

22
Q

positive punishment

A

The procedure in which a stimulus is delivered contingent upon a behavior and the rate of that behavior decreases

23
Q

The procedure in which a stimulus is delivered contingent upon a behavior and the rate of that behavior decreases

A

postive punishment

24
Q

2x2 grid

A

Top row: Increase and Decrease

Left column: Presented and Removed

Presented-Increase: Positive Reinforcement

Presented-decrease: Positive Punishment

Removed-Increase: Negative Reinforcement

Removed-Decrease: Negative Punishment

25
Q

a procedure for determining why inappropriate behavior occurs

A

functional analysis

26
Q

functional analysis

A

a procedure for determining why inappropriate behavior occurs

27
Q

What are the steps of function analysis?

A

self-stimulating, attention-seeking, escape behavior

chart all of these to see what the SIB is for

if the SIB can’t be diminished with reinforcers, then they can use punishers

28
Q

When can punishment be used?

A

the behavior is harmful to the client or those around the client

Functional analysis fails to yield an effective reinforcement based intervention

punishment is part of a meticulously designed and professionally monitored clinical intervention

clients or client’s parent/guardian consents to procedure

29
Q

the procedure in which a stimulus is withdrawn contingent upon a behavior and the rate of that behavior decreases

A

negative punishment

30
Q

negative punishment

A

the procedure in which a stimulus is withdrawn contingent upon a behavior and the rate of that behavior decreases

31
Q

In order for timeout to be an effective punishment by contingent withdrawal procedure, what has to happen?

A

the organism has to be removed from a reinforcing environment or activity

32
Q

What are the characteristics of effective punishment?

A

contingency: deliver punisher when behavior occurs

Immediacy: deliver punisher directly after behavior

size: larger magnitude punisher are more effective

establishing operation: the more motivated one is for the reinforcer, the less effective punishment will be

33
Q

What are some of the side-effects of punishment?

A

emotional response: you deliver punishment, you are conditioned as aversive stimulus

addiction to using punishment: immediate effectiveness, more likely to use it again

34
Q

Overt, voluntary behavior emitted where more than one action could have been taken

A

choice

35
Q

choice

A

Overt, voluntary behavior emitted where more than one action could have been taken

36
Q

What are the four variables of choice?

A

reinforcement, reinforcer size, response effort, reinforcer immediacy

37
Q

What does the left side of the Matching Law equation stand for?

A

behavior

38
Q

What does the right side of the Matching Law equation stand for?

A

reinforcement rates

39
Q

What is the Matching Law equation and who discovered it?

A

Herrnstein

B1/B1+B2 = R1/R1+R2

40
Q

the value of a reinforcer is discounted when it is delivered following a delay.

A

delay discounting

41
Q

delay discounting

A

the value of a reinforcer is discounted when it is delivered following a delay.

42
Q

What is the shape of the delay discounting function?

A

It starts high then drops quickly and kinda levels out but continues to drop. Like a curved “L.”

43
Q

A complex choice situation that pits two variables against one another. occurs when you choose a smaller-sooner over a larger- later reinforcer

A

impulsivity

44
Q

impulsivity

A

A complex choice situation that pits two variables against one another. occurs when you choose a smaller-sooner over a larger- later reinforcer

45
Q

one that is inconsistent over time

A

irrational choice

46
Q

irrational choice

A

one that is inconsistent over time

47
Q

How does the shape of the delay discounting function help us understand irrational choices?

A

e.g. seeing the benefit of studying for a test that’s 28 days away once break is over, over watching tv in 8 days. But as the break ends, the value of tv increases to being higher than a test that’s still 20 days away. So you change your mind which is irrational.

48
Q

What is the Rachlin and Green experiment?

A

Pigeon picks between red key orange key. Red key goes to blue (delay then 3) and green key (no delay and 1). Orange goes to blue (delay then 3) and black key (nothing). Pigeon ends up picking orange, forcing themselves to wait for larger-later reinforcer.

49
Q

How are the results of the Rachlin and Green experiment relevant to human decision making?

A

If we often choose irrational choices, we can learn from the pigeons to force ourselves to pick the larger-later. Leaving us no option of the smaller-sooner.

PSY 1400 (18 decks)

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