Unit 2: Skeletal System & Joints Flashcards
protects the organs of the head, neck, and trunk
axial skeleton
-arms, hands, legs, and feet
-pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
-Pelvic girdle
appendicular skeleton
-support
-protection
-movement
-blood formation (bone marrow)
-storage of inorganic salts (calcium and phosphate)
functions of skeletal system
-long with expanded ends
-functions as levers and framework
-i.e. humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia
long bone
-small, cubed-shaped
-i.e. carpals, tarsals, and patella
short bones
-plate-like with broad surfaces
-provide protection, muscle attachments
-i.e. skull, scapula, sternum/ribs
flat bone
-various shapes
-connected to other bones
-i.e. vertebrae and skull bones
irregular bones
-prominent projections of a bone
-divided into articulation for non-articulating
processes
where two bones meet
articulation
rounded projection supported by a neck
head
large, knuckle-like surface
condyle
smooth, flat articular surface
facet
-smaller projection above condyle
-usually attachment site for muscles and ligaments
epicondyle
blunt projection only on the femur
trochanter
small knob-like, rounded process
tubercle
a long, pointed projection
styloid process
broad, rounded, roughened process
tuberosity
prominent border or ridge
crest
less prominent ridge than a crest
line
sharp, slender process
spine
generic term for any projection
process
primarily where blood vessels and nerves pass into or through the bone
openings
narrow slit-like openings between parts of bones
fissures
hole
foramen
tube-like passageway
canal
canal-like
meatus
air-filled cavity within a bone
sinus
-on surface of bones
-provide for the passage of blood vessels and other soft tissue
depressions
pit-like landmark
fovea
a furrow-like opening or groove
sulcus
basin-like depression
fossa
often a “C” or “U” shaped depression
notch
-bind parts of the skeleton together
-make bone growth possible
-enable the body to move through muscle contraction
function of joints
joints without movement
fibrous (synarthrosis)
slightly moveable joints
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)
relatively free movement in 1,2, or 3 planes (6 subtypes)
synovial (diarthrosis)
-free moving bones with the articular surface covered with articular cartilage
-joint capsules filled with synovial fluid
-synovial membrane that lines the capsule
-ligamentous support
-bursae may be present
characteristics of all synovial joints
-sliding joint, no axis of movement
-articulating surfaces are flattened
-i.e. intercarpal, facets of vertebrae
gliding, plane, or irregular joints
-bending in one plane
-articulating surfaces: 1 concave and 1 convex
-i.e. elbow, fingers, toes
hinge joints
-rotation in 1 plane
-articulating surfaces: 1 rounded and 1 depressed
-i.e. radial-ulnar joint, joint between C1 and C2 in neck
pivot joints
-movement in 2 planes
-articulating surfaces: 1 concave and 1 convex
-i.e. knuckle (metacarpophalangeal), wrist (radoiocarpal), knee (tibiofemoral)
condyloid (elipsoidal) joint
-movement in 3 planes and rotation
-articulating surfaces: 1 rounded and 1 cup-like cavity
-i.e. shoulder, hip
ball and socket joints
-movement in 2 planes
-articulating surfaces: 1 concave in one direction, 1 convex in another direction
-i.e. thumb (trapeziometacarpal)
saddle joints
-expanded ends
-spongy bone
-covered by articular cartilage
-provides smooth movement between bone
-protects against wear and tear
epiphysis
-compact bone
-hollow center contains bone marrow
diaphysis
epiphyseal growth plates
-center of the diaphysis
-endosteum lines this
-bone marrow
medullary canal
-vascular, fibrous tissue covering outside of bone
-covers all bone except the epiphysis
periosteum
-vitamin A, C, D, and calcium
-growth hormone in the pituitary
-exercise
-sex hormones
factors that affect bone growth
develop from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bony structures
endochondral bones
make bone by depositing intercellular material around themselves
osteoblasts
-mature osteoblasts
-surrounded by matrix and no longer able to divide
osteocytes
-eat away at the calcified matrix
-macrophage important in remodeling and growth
-originates in bone marrow
osteoclasts
-adjust strength to the amount of stress
-rearrange shape for proper mechanical support
-old bone becomes weak and brittle
Wolff’s law
-unbalanced resorption/deposition of bone
-loss of bone mass and mineral content
osteoporosis
