UNIT 2: lungs

Question 1

how are the lungs split into lobes?

Answer 1

right lung - horizontal and oblique fissure - split into 3 lobes: superior/ middle/ inferior
left lung - oblique fissure - 2 lobes: superior/ inferior

Question 2

what is the name of the section of the left lung which indents the antero-inferior aspect of its superior lobe?

Answer 2

cardiac notch

Question 3

what is the thin, tongue-like process that extends below the notch?

Answer 3

lingula

Question 4

when does the lingula move?

Answer 4

during respiration - slides in/out of costomediastinal recess

Question 5

describe the position of the apex of the lung and what it is covered by

Answer 5

ascends above 1st rib into root of neck

- covered by cervical pleura

Question 6

what structures are located in the space between the lungs?

Answer 6

heart and blood vessels

Question 7

what are the surfaces of the lung?

Answer 7

costal
mediastinal
diaphragmatic

Question 8

what are the borders of the lung?

Answer 8

anterior
inferior
posterior

Question 9

what is the root of the lung enclosed in?

Answer 9

pleural sleeve/ mesopneumonium

connects lungs with heart/trachea

Question 10

where is the hilum found and what structures does it contain?

Answer 10

medial surface of lung

contains main bronchus, pulmonary/ lymphatic/ bronchial vessels and nerves

Question 11

what does the trachea bifurcate into?

Answer 11

right/ left main (principal) bronchi

Question 12

what secondary bronchi do the principal bronchi split into?

Answer 12

right: superior/ middle/ inferior
left: superior/ inferior

Question 13

what is another term to describe secondary bronchi?`

Answer 13

lobar bronchi

Question 14

what tertiary bronchi do the lobar bronchi split into?

Answer 14

segmental bronchi

Question 15

what do the segmental bronchi supply?

Answer 15

bronchopulmonary segments

Question 16

what are the further divisions from segmental bronchi?

Answer 16

terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

Question 17

what main pulmonary vessels is each lung supplied by?

Answer 17

pulmonary artery and two pulmonary veins

Question 18

where does the pulmonary artery originate from and what does it carry?

Answer 18

• originates from pulmonary trunk

- carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle of heart to lungs

Question 19

what is the difference in pulmonary artery of right and left lungs?

Answer 19

right - longer - directly enters root of lungs with large branch to superior lobe and secondary recurrent branch to it and further division to supply the middle and inferior lobes
left - shorter - enters root/ hilum and also has branching

Question 20

what does pulmonary artery split into as it descends posterolaterally to main bronchi?

Answer 20

lobar and segmental arteries

Question 21

what do the superior/ inferior pulmonary veins carry and what veins drain into it?

Answer 21

oxygenated blood from lungs to heart- drain into left atrium

veins from parietal pleura drain into it

Question 22

what forms the vascular system of pulmonary tissue and where do they originate?

Answer 22

bronchial veins/ arteries

- arises from thoracic aorta and branches

Question 23

where do the bronchial arteries run and how many are there?

Answer 23

run on posterior surface of bronchi

- 1 on right/ 2 on left

Question 24

where do the bronchial veins drain into?

Answer 24

right - drains into azygos vein

left - drains into hemi-azygos vein or superior intercostal vein

Question 25

where do the superficial and deep lymphatics drain into?

Answer 25

tracheobronchial nodes - found around roots of lobar and main bronchi

Question 26

how does a pulmonary collapse occur?

Answer 26

air enters pleura cavity so disrupts surface tension between visceral and parietal layer so lung collapses

Question 27

what is:

• hydrothorax
• hemothorax
• chylothorax

Answer 27

pleural effusion - excess fluid in pleural cavity
blood in pleural cavity
lymph in pleural cavity

Question 28

what is pleuritis?

Answer 28

inflammation of pleurae - friction between surfaces (pleural rub)

Question 29

what happens when there is irritation of the pleura?

Answer 29

local/ referred pain