Fascial Layers/ Muscles of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Give overview of fascial layers

A

superficial fascia - platysma (+ superficial veins/ lymph nodes/ fat)
deep fascia:
- superficial (investing layer) = SCM + trapezius
- middle = pretracheal fascia + carotid sheath
- deep = prevertebral fascia

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2
Q

What is the function of the platysma muscle?

A
  • muscle of fascial expression - depresses mandible
  • shaving muscle - tenses skin of neck when contracted
  • forms wrinkles in neck with age
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3
Q

What is the innervation of the platysma muscle?

A

cervical branch of facial nerve

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4
Q

What superficial vein is found in superficial fascia?

A

external jugular vein

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5
Q

Give the attachments of the superficial layer of deep fascia

A

superior: superior nuchal line/ occipital protuberance
inferior: spine/ acromion/ clavicle/ manubrium
anterior: hyoid bone
posterior: nuchal ligament of posterior column

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6
Q

What is the function of the SCM?

A
  • unilateral contraction: ipsilateral flexion of neck & contralateral rotation
  • bilateral contraction: head & neck extension, accessory inspiratory muscle
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7
Q

What is the innervation of the SCM?

A
  • accessory nerve

- branches of the cervical plexus C2-C3

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8
Q

What can be felt in the middle 1/3 of the front edge of SCM?

A

lies over the carotid sheath = carotid pulse

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9
Q

What landmark is used for insertion of central line?

A

medial edge of SCM

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10
Q

Where is Erb’s point and what is its significance?

A

dorsal to SCM -branches of plexus merge for puncture of LA

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11
Q

What vein passes over lateral border of SCM to pass behind the clavicle and join the subclavian vein?

A

external jugular vein

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12
Q

What is the innervation of the trapezius?

A

spinal accessory nerve

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13
Q

Where does the pretracheal layer span between?

A

hyoid bone & thorax where it fuses with the pericardium

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14
Q

What does pretracheal fascia enclose?

A

muscle: infrahyoid muscles
viscera: thyroid gland, trachea & oesophagus

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15
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

A
  • common and internal carotid artery
  • internal jugular vein
  • vagus nerve
  • deep cervical lymph nodes
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16
Q

What does the prevertebral layer surround?

A

vertebral column and muscles associated with it + muscles of the back

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17
Q

Name the 4 suprahyoid muscles

A
  • stylohyoid
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
  • digastric
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18
Q

What action do the suprahyoid muscles produce?

A

elevate hyoid bone to initate swallowing?

19
Q

What is the arterial supply of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

branches of the facial artery, occipital artery & lingual artery

20
Q

Give another action of geniohyoid and its innervation

A
  • depresses mandible

- C1 root within hypoglossal nerve

21
Q

Give another action of mylohyoid and its innervation

A
  • floor of oral cavity/ supports floor of mouth

- inferior alveolar nerve (branch of V2)

22
Q

Give another action of digastric and its innervation

A
  • depresses mandible
  • anterior belly: inferior alveolar nerve
  • posterior belly: digastric branch of facial nerve
23
Q

Give another action of stylohyoid and its innervation

A
  • pulls hyoid bone posterior & superior direction

- stylohyoid branch of facial nerve (proximal to parotid gland)

24
Q

Which suprahyoid muscle is a thin (short diameter) muscle?

A

stylohyoid

25
Which suprahyoid muscle is close to the midline of the neck?
geniohyoid
26
Which suprahyoid muscle is split into two bellies connected by a tendon, attached to hyoid bone via fibrous sling?
digastric
27
Which suprahyoid muscle is a large triangular shaped muscle?
mylohyoid
28
Name 4 infrahyoid muscles
- omohyoid - sternohyoid - thryohyoid - sternothyroid
29
What is the vasculature of the infrahyoid muscles?
superior/ inferior thyroid arteries with corresponding venous drainage
30
Which infrahyoid muscles are in the superficial and deep plane?
- superficial: omohyoid/ sternohyoid | - deep: thyrohyoid/ sternothyroid
31
Give the action and innervation of muscles in the superficial plane of infrahyoid muscles
- depresses hyoid | - anterior rami of C1-3
32
Give the action and innervation of the sternothyroid
- depresses thyroid cartilage | - anterior rami of C1-3
33
Give the action and innervation of the thyrohyoid
- depresses hyoid/ elevates larynx (if hyoid is fixed) | - anterior rami of C1 within hypoglossal
34
Which short infrahyoid muscle is found lateral to sternum?
thyrohyoid
35
What actions do the scalene muscles produce?
- accessory muscles of respiration | - flexion at the neck
36
Give innervations of the scalenes
- anterior: C5-6 - middle: C3-8 - posterior: C6-8
37
What structures pass between the anterior and middle scalenes? - why is this significant?
brachial plexus and subclavian artery - useful for interscalene block in anaesthetics
38
What structure runs down the anterior scalene?
phrenic nerve
39
What structure crosses the anterior scalene?
subclavian vein
40
Where are the prevertebral muscles and what actions do they produce/
- deep cervical muscles laterally enveloped into the prevertebral layer - ventral flexion/ lateral flexion of the cervical column
41
Name the prevertebral muscles
- longus capitis - longus calli - rectus capitis (anterior/ lateralis) - secondary back muscles
42
Where are the suboccipital muscles located? | - give their innervation and action
- beneath occipital bone - deep to the sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, splenius and semispinalis muscles. - suboccipital nerve - extend/ rotate head
43
name the suboccipital muscles
- rectus capitis posterior (major/minor) | - oblique capitis (superior/ inferior)