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MLS 415 Urinalysis & B.F. > Unit 2 Lecture > Flashcards

Unit 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of the collection containers

A
  • Dry, disposable, leak-proof
  • 4 cm opening
  • Wide base
  • Stand upright
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2
Q

Approximately, how much volume is needed for testing?

A

12 mL

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3
Q

What should be done if the sample cup is being brought home?

A
  • Place in a biohazard bag to prevent spills during transport
  • Return within 2 hours, REFRIGERATE if >2 hrs
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4
Q

What are patient “must-haves” that need to be on the label?

A
  • Patient name
  • Patient identification number
  • Date and time of collection
  • Patient location
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5
Q

What are some factors that would require you to reject a specimen?

A
  • Improper labeling (unlabeled container or req and label do not match)
  • Contaminated specimen (fecal or exterior)
  • Insufficient quantity
  • Wrong collection technique
  • Improper transport
  • Wrong Preservative
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6
Q

Which of the following is the best course of action if a urine specimen comes down to the laboratory without a label?

 (a) Accept the specimen
 (b) Refuse to process the specimen without telling the nurse or provider
 (c) Request a new specimen
 (d) Get on the phone and scream at the nurse
A

(c) Request a new specimen

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7
Q

All of the following are requirements for a specimen container EXCEPT?

(a) wide base, stand upright, 4cm opening
(b) Free of chemicals and dirt
(c) Capacity of 50 - 100 mL
(d) Dirty cool whip container

A

(d) Dirty cool whip container

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8
Q

When providing the patient with instructions on proper specimen collection, directions should be in which of the following formats?

(a) The patient should just know how to collect a specimen
(b) Only verbal directions
(c) Only written directions
(d) Both verbal and written directions

A

(d) Both verbal and written directions

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9
Q

What are the three basic types of specimen?

A

(1) Random, (2) First morning, (3) Timed

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10
Q

What urine tests are used for random urine collection?

A
  • Routine screening
  • Cytologic studies
  • Fluid deprivation testing
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11
Q

Advantages of random urine collection for testing?

A

Collection can be done at any time of the day.

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12
Q

Disadvantages of random urine collection for testing?

A

Increase fluid intake and excessive exercise may affect results.

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13
Q

What urine tests are used for first-morning urine collections?

A
  • Routine screenings
  • Confirm postural or orthostatic proteinuria
  • Cytologic studies
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14
Q

Advantages of first-morning urine collection?

A
  • Concentrated chemical components

- Preserved cellular components

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15
Q

Disadvantages of first-morning urine collection?

A
  • Collection immediately on waking

- Amorphous sediment

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16
Q

What urine tests are used for time or short-term specimen?

A
  • Quantitative chemical analysis
  • Clearance test
  • Cytology studies
  • Evaluation of fistula
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17
Q

Advantages of time or short-term specimens?

A

None

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18
Q

Disadvantages of timed or short-termed specimens?

A
  • Strict adherence to collection directions
  • Collection requires two or more voided samples
  • Requires collection over a period of time or a very specific time
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19
Q

Which of the following if the best specimen to collect to determine the quantity of a constituent?

(a) Random
(b) First morning
(c) Timed

A

(c) Timed

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20
Q

Which of the following is the most convenient for the patient to collect?

(a) Random
(b) First morning
(c) Timed

A

(a) Random

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21
Q

Uses of a routine void

A

Sports physicals and trichomonas

Initial part of void can be used for squamous epithelial cells

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22
Q

Patient preparation of a routine void

A

Requires no patient preparation

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23
Q

Precautions of a routine void

A

None

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24
Q

Uses of a mid-stream clean catch sample

A

Routine urinalysis, cultures, cytology

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25
Q

Patient preparation of a mid-stream clean catch sample

A

For males and females:

(a) Genital area clean with towelette; front to back (females), tip of penis (males)
(b) Repeat
(c) Begin voiding stopping midway through to collect sample than finishing.

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26
Q

What collection method best represents the urine that is in your bladder rather than urine in your urethra?

A

Mid-stream clean catch.

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27
Q

Precautions of mid-stream clean catch?

A

Do not touch the inside of the container.

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28
Q

Uses of catheterized specimen

A

Routine urinalysis, cultures, kidney infections

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29
Q

Patient preparations for catheter specimen

A

Catheter is inserted into the bladder via the urethra. Catheter inserted into the ureter.

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30
Q

Precautions for catheter speciemen

A

Collection is performed by a medical professional

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31
Q

Uses of subrapubic aspiration

A

Cultures

32
Q

Patient preparations for subrapubic aspiration

A

Sterile technique is required. Needle is inserted directly into the bladder.

33
Q

Precautions for subrapubic aspiration

A

Collection performed by medical professionals

This method requires sedation and can be expensive, therefore, it is rarely done unless the provider needs to minimize the risk of contamination.

34
Q

Uses of pediatric collection bags

A

Routine urinalysis

35
Q

Patient preparation for pediatric collection bags

A

Bag adheres to the skin

36
Q

Precautions for pediatric collection bags

A

Care when placing bags; placing over anus might cause contamination.

37
Q

Uses for 24-hour collection

A

Quantitative analysis, cytological studies, or clearance studies; helps to check for presence of albumin or creatine.

38
Q

Patient preparation for 24-hour collection.

A

Written instructions for container.
Collection process: Day 1 –> 7am void discarded and collect until 7am on day 2. Day 2 –> 7am void and add to specimen.

Looking for the total volume of a constituent present.

39
Q

Precautions for 24-hour collection.

A

Sources of error.

40
Q

What is a Department of Transportation “DOT” Drug Screen and chain of custody?

A

Provides proof of correct collection and documentation and proves the sample was not altered. Collection was “witnessed” or “not witnessed”.

Temperature of specimen taken within 4 minutes and must be between 32.5 C and 37.5 C.

41
Q

Which of the following is the best specimen for routine urinalysis and culture?

(a) First morning specimen
(b) Supra pubic
(c) Fasting specimen
(d) Midstream clean catch

A

(d) Midstream clean catch

42
Q

A 24 hour was collected, what type of analysis is being performed?

(a) Quantitative analysis
(b) Qualitative analysis
(c) Routine analysis
(d) Timed analysis

A

(a) Quantitative analysis

43
Q

What are the two main types of preservatives?

A

(1) Refrigeration; (2) Chemical

44
Q

Common testing uses for refrigeration preservation.

A

Chemical and culture testing

45
Q

Stability of urine specimen for refrigeration preservation.

A

24 hours.

46
Q

What are some changes that can occur to the urine sample by choosing refrigeration preservation?

A

(1) Amorphous precipitation - dissolves back once return to room temp; (2) Temperature may effect chemical results.

47
Q

Disadvantage of using Boric acid preservative.

A

Interferes with pH.

48
Q

Disadvantage of using Hydrochloric acid preservative.

A

Destroys formed elements/bactericidal

49
Q

Disadvantage of using Glacial acetic acid preservative.

A

Destroys formed elements/bactericidal

50
Q

Disadvantage of using Sodium fluoride preservative.

A

Prevents glycolysis

51
Q

Disadvantage of using Sodium carbonate preservative.

A

Preserves porphyrins and porphobilinogen

52
Q

Disadvantage of using Formalin preservative.

A

Interferes with chemistry strip

53
Q

Disadvantage of using Thymol preservative.

A

Interferes with protein test strip

54
Q

What is Boric acid preservative used for?

A

Proteins/bacterial cultures

55
Q

What is Hydrochloric acid preservative used for?

A

Calcium

56
Q

What is Glacial acetic acid preservative used for?

A

Hormones/steroids

57
Q

What is Sodium fluoride preservative used for?

A

Glucose

58
Q

What is Sodium carbonate preservative used for?

A

Porphyrins and porphobilinogen

59
Q

What is Formalin preservative used for?

A

Sediment

60
Q

What is Thymol preservative used for?

A

Sediment

61
Q

Change to color if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Darken or changes; oxidation or reduction reaction (urobilinogen or bilirubin)

62
Q

Change to clarity if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Turns cloudy; crystals precipatate and bacteria proliferate

63
Q

Change to odor if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Ammonia/foul odor; bacteria converts urea to ammonia

64
Q

Change to pH if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

pH increases; bacteria converts urea to ammonia: CO2 is lost

65
Q

Change to glucose if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Glucose decreases; used as energy for cells or bacteria

66
Q

Change to ketones if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Ketones decrease; volatile and bacteria conversion

67
Q

Change to bilirubin if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Bilirubin decrease; photo-oxidation to biliverdin by light exposure

68
Q

Change to urobilinogen if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Urobilinogen decreases; oxidation to urobilin

69
Q

Change to nitrites if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Nitrites increases; bacterial conversion of dietary nitrates

70
Q

Change to blood cells if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Blood cells decrease; lysis and/or disintegration in dilute and alkaline urine.

71
Q

Change to casts if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Cast decreases; disintegration, in dilute and alkaline urine

72
Q

Change to bacteria if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Bacteria increases; exponential proliferation of bacteria

73
Q

Change to trichomonads if urine is left unpreserved and left out.

A

Trichomonads decrease; loss of motility and death.

74
Q

Which of the following is the best preservative used for a urinalysis?

(a) Boric acid
(b) Sodium carbonate
(c) Acetic acid
(d) Refrigeration

A

(d) Refrigeration

75
Q

What happens if ketones in a urine that has not properly been preserved?

(a) Decrease
(b) Increase

A

(a) Decrease

MLS 415 Urinalysis & B.F. (37 decks)

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