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MLS 415 Urinalysis & B.F. > Microscopic Examination of Urine - Crystals > Flashcards

Microscopic Examination of Urine - Crystals Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the centrifuge spun for?

A

5 minutes at 400-450Gs

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2
Q

When viewing the sample under a microscope, what is the process?

A

Exam along the edges on 10X to find casts. Flip to 40X to get a better view. Once on 40X have a minimum of 10 fields and take average of all structures present.

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3
Q

What stains do you want for Supravital staining for intracellular components?

A
  • Sternheimer-Malbin.

- 0.5% Toluidine blue.

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4
Q

What is used to differentiate renal tubular epithelial cells and white blood cells?

A

0.5% Toluidine blue.

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5
Q

What is used to differentiate red blood cells, yeast cells, and crystals?

A

Acetic acid.

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6
Q

What is used to differentiate triglycerides and cholesterol?

A

Fat stains.

Triglycerides will stain while the cholesterol won’t.

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7
Q

What stains are used for fat or lipid staining?

A
  • Sudal III.

- Oil Red O.

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8
Q

What is Prussian Blue stain used for?

A

Presence of hemosiderin in urine.

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9
Q

What stain is used to differentiate Neutrophils and eosinophils?

A

Hansel stain.

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10
Q

Which crystals are made from salts of Na+, K+, Mg++, and Ca++?

A

Amorphous Urates.

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11
Q

What is the morphology of Amorphous Urates?

A

Sand-like.

Either yellow-brown or a pink (“Brick dust”).

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12
Q

Amorphous rates form uric acid crystals when exposed to:

A

HCL-

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13
Q

Amorphous urates are soluble with?

A

Alkali and heat.

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14
Q

What is the significance for amorphous urate crystals?

A

There are none.

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15
Q

What is the significance for uric acid crystals?

A

Seen in patients with gout, kidney stones, and chemotherapy.

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16
Q

What is the morphology for uric acid crystals?

A
  • Diamond/ football (most common).
  • Cube-shaped in clusters.
  • Rhombic plates, prisms, large barrel, and lemon- shaped.
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17
Q

Uric acid crystals are soluble with?

A

Alkali

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18
Q

Uric acid crystals are birefringent when seen with what microscope?

A

Polarized microscope.

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19
Q

What is the morphology and color of monosodium urate crystals?

A

Light yellow slender prisms.

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20
Q

What is the morphology of acid urates?

A

Larger granules that may have spicules.

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21
Q

What are the pathologic conditions of calcium oxalate?

A
  • Ethylene glycol poisoning.
  • Sever renal disease.
  • 75% of urinary calculi contain.
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22
Q

What is the morphology of calcium oxalate dehydrate?

A

Envelope form.

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23
Q

What is the morphology of calcium oxalate monohydrate?

A

Small dumb-bell or oval.

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24
Q

Calcium oxalate crystals are soluble with?

A

Alkali

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25
What is the cause of 2/3 cases of kidney stones?
Calcium oxalate.
26
Calcium oxalate can be increased with which types of food?
high-oxalic acid foods.
27
Which crystal found in acid urine is described as "brick dust"?
Amorphous urates.
28
Which crystal found in acidic urine is described as "envelopes"?
Calcium oxalates.
29
Which crystals are salts of Mg++ and Ca++?
Amorphous phosphates.
30
What is the microscopically morphology of amorphous phosphates?
- Sand-like. | - Yellow- brown
31
What is the macroscopically morphology of amorphous phosphates?
White to beige precipitants.
32
Amorphous phosphates are soluble with?
Acid
33
What is the significance of amorphous phosphate crystals?
The are none.
34
Which crystals are salts of NH3 and Mg phosphates?
Triple phosphates.
35
3-6 sided prisms "coffin lids" are associated with which alkaline crystals?
Triple phosphates.
36
Feathery or fern forms, and long prism forms are associated with which alkaline crystals?
Triple phosphates.
37
Triple phosphates appear what color under the microscope?
Colorless.
38
Triple phosphates are soluble with?
Acid
39
What is the significance of triple phosphates.
- None really. - Can been seen with kidney stones. - UTI's with urea splitting bacteria.
40
What is the morphology of dicalcium phosphates?
- Thin prisms in rosette shape. | - One tapered end and one pointed end.
41
What is the morphology of calcium phosphate?
- Irregular granular sheets. | - Float on top of the specimen.
42
What color are calcium phosphates?
Colorless
43
Calcium phosphates are soluble with?
- Dilute acetic acid and dilute HCL.
44
What is the significance of calcium phosphates?
None
45
Which alkaline crystal is confused with sulfonamide crystals?
Calcium phosphates.
46
What is the morphology of ammonium biurate?
- Spheres with striations. - Spicules "thorny apples". - "Starfish".
47
What color are ammonium biurate?
Yellow/brown.
48
Ammonium biurate are soluble with?
Heat
49
Ammonium biurate can be converted with uric acid by using:
Acid
50
What is the significance of ammonium biurate?
None
51
Ammonium biurate can be confused with:
Sulfonamine crystals.
52
What is the morphology of calcium carbonate?
- Small granular crystals. | - Seen in pairs that resemble dumbbells.
53
What color is calcium carbonate?
Colorless.
54
What is the significance of calcium carbonate?
None
55
Which crystals found in alkaline urine is described as "Coffin lids"?
Triple phosphates.
56
Which crystals found in alkaline urine is described as dumbbells?
Calcium carbonates.
57
What is the morphology of bilirubin crystals?
Fine needles in clusters, granules, or plantes.
58
What color are bilirubin crystals?
Yellow-brown.
59
Bilirubin crystals are dissolved in?
Alkali or strong acids.
60
What is the significance of bilirubin crystals?
Liver disease resulting in renal damage.
61
What is the morphology of Tyrosine crystals?
Fine delicate needles.
62
What is the morphology of Leucine crystals?
Highly refractive concentric circles with radial striations.
63
What color is tyrosine?
Colorless, or yellow, black when focusing.
64
What color is leucine?
Yellow to brown.
65
Tyrosine can be dissolved in:
Alkali
66
Leucine can be dissolved in:
Alkali
67
What is the significance of tyrosine AND leucine?
- Metabolic disorders of amino acid metabolism. - Severe liver disease. - If seen together it usually means the patient doesn't have long to live.
68
What is the significance of tyrosine?
- Oast-house disease. | - Hereditary tyrosinosis.
69
What is the morphology of cystine?
- Hexagonal plates. | - Clear refractive.
70
Using cyanide-nitroprusside on will cause cystine crystals to turn what color?
Purple
71
What is the significance of cystine crystals?
Cystinuria
72
What is the morphology of cholesterol crystals?
Large, flat, rectangular plates with notched corners.
73
What color are cholesterol crystals?
Colorless
74
What is the significance of cholesterol crystals?
- Nephrotic syndrome. | - Chuluria.
75
What is the morphology of ampicillin crystals?
- Thin needles or prisms. | - Aggregate into sheaves after refrigeration.
76
What color are ampicillin crystals?
Colorless
77
How are ampicillin crystals confirmed?
Patients history.
78
What are the significance of ampicillin crystals?
None
79
What is the morphology of sulfonamide?
- Bundles of sheaves with constricted area. | - Brown rosettes.
80
What color are sulfonamide crystals?
Yellow/brown.
81
How are sulfonamide crystals confirmed?
- Diazo reaction gives magenta color. | - Patient history.
82
What is the significance of sulfonamide crystals?
- Adequate hydration. | - Maintain alkaline pH.
83
What is the morphology of Idinavir?
Clear star like crystal.

MLS 415 Urinalysis & B.F. (37 decks)

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